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psychological disorder
A disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives.
medical model
The concept that diseases — in this case, psychological disorders — have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
diathesis-stress model
The concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder.
Epigenetics
The study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression without a DNA change.
DSM-5-TR
The American Psychiatric Association’s widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
anxiety disorders
A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors.
social anxiety disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.
generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder where a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in autonomic nervous system arousal.
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by minutes-long episodes of intense dread, often accompanied by physical sensations.
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations where one may experience a loss of control and panic.
specific phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.
Hoarding disorder
A persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories and nightmares that lingers after a traumatic experience.
trauma- and stressor-related disorders
A group of disorders where exposure to a traumatic event is followed by psychological distress.
depressive disorders
A group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood and cognitive changes.
bipolar disorders
A group of disorders where a person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the mania of overexcitation.
major depressive disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms for two weeks, including depressed mood or loss of interest.
persistent depressive disorder
A disorder where people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least two years.
bipolar I disorder
The most severe form of bipolar disorder, characterized by episodes of mania lasting a week or longer.
Mania
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state marked by dangerously poor judgment.
bipolar II disorder
A less severe form of bipolar disorder characterized by alternating between depression and milder hypomania.
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
schizophrenia spectrum disorders
A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
psychotic disorders
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
Delusion
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
chronic schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia where symptoms usually appear by late adolescence and recovery periods shorten.
acute schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, often in response to a traumatic event.
dissociative disorders
A rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of normal integration of consciousness, memory, and identity.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.
dissociative amnesia
A disorder where people experience memory gaps regarding trauma-related events.
personality disorders
A group of disorders characterized by enduring patterns of behavior that differ from cultural norms.
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder where a person exhibits a lack of conscience and may be aggressive or a con artist.
feeding and eating disorders
Disorders characterized by altered consumption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by maintaining a starvation diet despite significant underweight.
bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by inappropriate weight-loss behaviors.
neurodevelopmental disorders
Central nervous system abnormalities starting in childhood that alter thinking and behavior.
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and rigidly fixated interests.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
