Reproductive Health and Population Control Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering reproductive health, contraceptive methods, population demographics, STDs, and ART as discussed in the lecture notes.

Birth control devices (Nirodh)

Male condoms provided by the government to control population and prevent sexually transmitted diseases ($STD$).

Colostrum

The first milk produced by the mother after childbirth that provides antibodies ($A-b$) to the child.

CDRI

Central Drug Research Institute located in Lucknow, responsible for discovering the non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill Saheli.

Saheli

A non-steroidal oral-contraceptive pill taken once a week; it modulates oestrogen receptors to prevent ovulation without using hormones.

Amniocentesis

A prenatal diagnostic test performed after $16$ weeks of gestation to isolate foetal cells from amniotic fluid for chromosomal analysis and genetic disorder identification.

PNDT Act $1994$

A pre-natal diagnostic test act and amendment that prohibits the misuse of diagnostic tests for illegal female foeticide through a statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex determination.

Population doubling time

The time required for a population size to double.

Natality rate

The number of births per $1000$ individuals per year.

Mortality rate

The number of deaths per $1000$ individuals per year.

Replacement Level ($RL$)

The number of children produced by a couple to replace themselves, which is $2.1$ in developed countries and $2.7$ in developing countries.

Zero population growth rate

A condition achieved when the birth rate and death rate are equal.

Triangular-pyramid

A population age-sex ratio indicator for developing countries where the natality rate is high and population size is increasing.

Urn-shaped pyramid

A population age-sex ratio indicator where the population size is decreasing.

Periodic abstinence

Also known as the rhythm or calendar method, it involves avoiding sexual intercourse during the period of ovulation, specifically the $10^{th}$ to $17^{th}$ day of the menstrual cycle.

Spinnbarkeit test

A test for thin, slimy, and slippery cervical mucus, which is an indicator of ovulation caused by increased oestrogen.

Lactational amenorrhea

A natural contraceptive method effective for up to $6$ months post-childbirth where breastfeeding inhibits $FSH$ and $LH$, preventing ovulation.

Femshield

A female condom made of polyurethane that features two rings at both ends.

$$Cu-T-380$$

A copper-releasing intra-uterine device ($IUD$) that provides effective contraception for $7$ to $10$ years before replacement is needed.

Norplant

A contraceptive implant consisting of $6$ rod-like cylindrical structures containing progestin, effective for $5$ years.

Vasectomy

A surgical terminal method in males involving the cutting and ligation of the vas deferens to block sperm transport.

Tubectomy

A surgical terminal method in females involving the cutting and ligation of the oviduct (fallopian tube) to block ova transport.

MTP (Medical Termination of Pregnancy)

Also known as induced abortion, it was legalized in $1971$ and is considered safest during the first trimester (within $12$ weeks).

Neisseria gonorrhoea

The causative bacterial agent of Gonorrhoea (clap), which can cause blindness in newborn babies.

Treponema pallidum

The causative agent of Syphilis, a bacterial $STD$ that progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages.

Azoospermia

A male infertility condition characterized by the absence of sperm in the semen.

IVF (In-vitro fertilisation)

An assisted reproductive technology procedure where fertilization occurs outside the body in a laboratory setting using a petri dish and nutritive media.

ZIFT (Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer)

An $ART$ procedure where a zygote, up to the $8$-blastomere stage, is transferred into the fallopian tube.

GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer)

An $ART$ procedure used when a female is unable to produce ova; it involves injecting secondary oocytes from a donor into the ampulla of the recipient's oviduct.

ICSI (Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection)

An assisted reproductive technology where a single sperm is micro-injected directly into the cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte using a micro-needle.