topics: development until core-periphery
economic indicators
income per capita
employment structure
demographic indicators
LE
IMR
urban population
social indicators
access to clean water and sanitation
ALR
explain core-periphery model
context
explains the process of development
development was initially brought about by natural advantages (natural resources/favourable climate)
stimulates development and attracts investments
describing
as core country develops → require more raw materials and human labour - found in periphery countries
core countries take control of the resources → through war, colonisation and unfair trading rules
periphery countries lack advantages to challenge core countries - dependent on core countries for development, their economic growth has slowed down
core countries sell finished product to periphery country at a cheaper price due to the lower costs of production in core countries
backwash effect:
the flow of labour and raw materials from periphery to core → leaves periphery at disadvantage
periphery has ↓ natural resources and ↓ manpower → less economic growth for periphery
spread effect:
spread of wealth and knowledge from core to periphery → ↑ economic development
labour and raw materials not brought over → core countries bring investments, skills and tech to periphery and set up factories there - cheaper labour
beneficial for periphery → ↓unemployment rate and ↑economic growth
income per capita
pros:
good indicator of state of economy and provision of services
easy to calculate from official government figures
standard unit of measurement
track growth of countries
cons:
average figure and does not reflect differences between individuals/regions - extreme outliers
does not consider informal economic activities (e.g. tuition)
does not consider social and environmental cost
employment structure
pros:
indicates greater amt of income earned - higher % of secondary and tertiary industries
shows money to be spent in other sectors → develop country
cons:
does not provide information on number of ppl in industries or amt of revenue generated - misleading
narrow indicator - does not consider the social and health devt of country
triangular graph
pros:
show relative importance of specific industrial sectors - determine level of devt in terms of economic growth
shows dominant industry of countries
easy to compare due to standard measure - compare between multiple sets of data
cons:
fails to recognise and capture other industrial sectors
unable to capture trends
does not reveal exact values
distort scale
life expectancy
pros:
can be used to predict future situations and plan accordingly (aging population)
clear indication of a country’s level of devt
cons:
only average figure
does not show distribution of healthcare and food consumption
data from LDCs may not necessarily be accurate
IMR
pros:
can be used to predict future situations and plan accordingly
clear indication of country’s level of devt
cons:
hard to get an accurate figure as many births in the LDCs - unregistered
high IMR could be a result of social or political factors like population policies - one child policy
urban population
pros:
shows the amt of resources available to provide goods and services & build infrastructure
cons:
DCs:
emerging counter-urbanisation trend
city people relocating to suburbs due to congestion & pollution in cities
LDCs:
more people are moving to cities - urbanisation
move to get better employment opportunites → rapid growth in urban population
thus not accurate measure of devt of country - just because high urban population does not mean well developed
access to water and sanitation
pros:
shows level of hygiene available for ppl → higher LE
cons:
varying levels of sanitation in different parts of countries - urban vs rural
ALR
pros:
indicates amt of education on offer
shows proportion of children attending school → more skills
cons:
takes no notice of other skills that may be equally valuable - understanding of farming techniques → not educated but contributing to GDP and devt
consequences of too few schools or the fact that children are having to work
conservative countries - girls dont go to school - still contribute at home
HDI
consists of:
GDP per capita (economic)
LE (demographic)
ALR (social)
pros:
comprehensive method of taking into account of economic wealth and QOL
standard measurement between countries
cons:
drawbacks of GDP - does not take into account SOL between regions/individuals
unable to measure intangibles - ergo human rights & freedom
has time lag of 1-2 years → countries could have developed very fast in that period of time
lacks accuracy in certain places where data may be unavailable
how to describe core-periphery theory
identify core & periphery
core countries have natural advantages
periphery countries lack natural advantages
core continues development → require more raw materials
backwash effect - how core country takes control & resources
core processing and selling it back to periphery
talk about spread effect (optional)