NAILS: Oregon State Board Practice

Is the hard protective plate located at the end of the finger or toe called?

Natural nail

What is the technical term for natural nail?

Onyx

What are nails, skin, and hair mainly composed of?

Keratin

What does a normal healthy nail look like?

Firm, flexible, shiny, and slightly pink in color

True or False: The nail plate is relatively porous to water.

True

What is the average water content of a healthy nail?

15 to 25%

What can you do to reduce water loss or prevent excessive absorption and improve flexibility in the nail?

Use an oil-based nail conditioner or nail polish to coat the plate

What are all the major parts of the natural nail called as a whole?

Nail unit

What is the hardened keratin plate that sits on and slowly slides across the nail bed while it grows and is the most visible and functional part of the nail unit?

Nail plate

How many layers of nail cells construct the nail plate?

About 100 layers

What is the portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge?

Nail bed

What is the thin layer of tissue attaching the nail bed to the nail plate called?

Bed epithelium

What part of the nail unit is the area where the nail plate cells are formed?

Matrix

What is the visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin?

Lunula

What is the whitish, half moon shape at the base of the nail?

Lunula

What is the dead, colorless tissue attached to the nail plate called?

Cuticle

What parts of the nail unit seal the space between the natural nail plate and living in above to prevent entry of foreign material and microorganisms and to help prevent injury and infection?

Cuticle

What is the living skin at the base of the nail plate covering the matrix area called?

Eponychium

True or False: The eponychium is the dead tissue adhered to the nail plate; the cuticle is living tissue that grows up to the nail plate.

False

What is the slightly thickened layer of skin that looks is between the fingertips and the free edge of the nail plate?

Hyponychium

What is the tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or hold an organ in place?

Ligament

What are the folds of normal skin that surround the nail plate?

Nail folds

What are the slits out furrows on the sides of the nail?

Nail grooves

What is another name for the lateral nail fold?

Sidewall

What affects the growth of the nail place?

Nutrition, exercise, & a person's general health

What is the average rate of nail growth in the normal adult?

1/10"

True or False: Nails grow faster in the summer than they do in the winter.

True

What nail grows fastest?

Middle finger

What nail grows slowest?

Thumb

How long does it take for a natural nail to be replaced?

4 to 6 months

How long does it take for a toenail to be fully replaced?

9 months to 1 year

What is a condition caused by injury or disease?

Nail disorder

What is a condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, forming a dark purplish spot?

Bruised nails

What type of nails are noticeably thin, white nail plates that are much more flexible than normal, normally weaker, and can curve over the free edge?

Eggshell nails

What are visible depression running across the width of the natural late?

Beau's lines

What is the condition in which the living skin around the nail plate clips and tears?

Hangnail or agnail

What causes a whitish discoloration of the nails or white spots?

Leukonychia spots

What causes a darkening of the fingernails or toenails?

Melanonychia

What is the technical tem for bitten nails?

Onychophagy

What condition causes nails to become brittle or split that also have a series of lengthwise ridges giving a rough appearance to the surface of the nail plate?

Onychorrhexis

What is the condition that causes a highly curved nail plate and figuratively means folded nail?

Plicatured nail

What is the abnormal condition that occurs when skin is stretched by the nail plate?

Nail pterygium

Should you treat nail pterygium by pushing the extension of skin back with an instrument?

No

What causes visible ridges to run vertically down the length of the nail plate?

Old age

What condition causes the free edge to pinch the sidewalls into a deep curve?

Pincer nails or trumpet nails

What is any deformity or disease of the nail called?

Onychosis

What causes inflammation of the nail matrix followed by shedding of the natural nail plate?

Onychia

What is the technical term for ingrown nails?

Onychocryptosis

What causes the lifting of the nail plate from the bed without shedding, usually beginning at the free edge and continuing toward the lunula area?

Onycholysis

What is the separation and falling off of a nail plate from the bed called?

Onychomadesis

What causes tiny pits or severe roughness on the surface of the nail plate?

Nail psoriasis

What is a bacterial inflammation of the tissue surrounding the nail called?

Paronychia

What is a severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate?

Pyrogenic granuloma

What is the medical term for fungal infection of the feet?

Tinea pedis

What is a fungal infection of the nail plate called?

Onychomycosis

What are formed when liquids evaporate into the air?

Vapors

What are fumes?

A mixture of soot like particles and vapors

What is the force of nature that makes two surfaces stick together?

Adhesion

What is the chemical that causes two surfaces to stick together?

Adhesive

What substance is used to improve adhesions?

Primer

What is the substance that can cause visible and possibly permanent skin damage?

Corrosive

What product temporarily remove surface moisture from the nail plate?

Nail dehydrator

How long before you need to reapply nail dehydrator?

30 minutes

What are products that cover the nail plate with a hardened film?

Coatings

What type of reaction occurs when a coating cures or polymerizes?

Chemical reaction

What type of reaction occurs when a coating hardens upon evaporation?

Physical reaction

What are the gigantic chains of molecules called?

Polymers

What is the chemical reaction that make polymers?

Polymerization

Are the individual molecules that join to polymer?

Monomers

What substance is used to speed up a chemical reaction?

Catalyst

What is a short chain of monomers that has had the growth of its chain halted before it became a polymer?

Oligomer

What is a long chain of monomers attached head to tail called?

Simple polymer chains

What is a monomer that joins different polymer chains together like on a ladder?

Cross-linker

What type of acrylic is used to make all monomer liquid and polymer powder systems and at least one type of UV gel?

Methacrylate

What type of acrylic is used to make UV gel?

Acrylate

What type of acrylic is used to make all nail adhesive and wraps?

Cyanoacrylate

What ingredients are used to keep the products flexible?

Plasticizers

What ingredients control color stability and prevent sunlight from causing fading or discoloration?

UV stabilizers

What includes all permanent tools used to perform nail services that are not implements?

Equipment

What type of bulb should be you at a nail salon table?

40 to 60 watt bulb

What specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard called by OSHA?

PPE

What are tools used to perform your services and are multiple use or single use?

Implement

What implements are generally stainless steel and can be disinfected to use on another client?

Multi-use implements

Implements cannot be reused and must be thrown away after a single-use?

Single-use implement

What implement is used to gently scrape tissue from the natural nail plate?

Metal pusher

What stainless steel implement is used to carefully trim away dead skin around the nails?

Nipper

What implement is used to shorten the free edge quickly and efficiently?

Nail clipper

What implement is used to remove cuticle tissue from the nail plates, to clean under the free edge of the nail, or to apply products?

Wooden pusher

Is used during a manicure to remove debris the nail plate, and to school the implements before disinfection?

Nail brush

What supplies are designed to be single use and must be replaced for each client?

Materials

What is the average grit range of a natural nail file?

180 to 240 per centimeter

True or False: The lower the grit, the larger the abrasive particles on the file and the more aggressive its action.

True

What are lint free, plastic backed, fiber or cotton pads often used for?

Removing nail polish

What must be used for removing products from their respective containers to prevent contamination of the product and the spread of disease?

Spatula

How much formaldehyde is in nail hardener?

Up to 5%

What are the three parts of a procedure?

Pre-service, service, and post-service

What is a succession of strokes in which the hands glide over an area of the body with varying degrees of pressure or contact?

Effleurage

What massage movement involves listing, squeezing, and pressing of the tissue?

Petrissage or kneading

What massage movement involves various stroke that manipulate or press one layer of tissue over another?

Friction

What implement has a small, scoop shaped end that, if carefully used, allows for more efficient removal of debris from the nail fold, eponychium, and hyponychium areas?

Curette