Module 1: Quiz 1 Basic ideas, concepts, and anatomical terms VBDI 4999E comparative anatomy veterinary

What was used to address the inconsistency in terms and terminologies across anatomy

-In order to have language used to describe these structures be clear and accurate the Normina Anatomica Veterinaria(NAV) was established

Most of the species that we deal with as Veterinarians are what?

-Quadrupeds, therefore the terms used refer to animals on four legs ad different compared to human anatomy terms

The animal body can hypothetically be divided into how many planes?

-three basic planes are used

What are the three basic planes?

1) Sagitttal plane

2) Coronal or frontal plane

3) Transverse plane

Describe Sagittal the plane

This plane divides the body into left and right halves (parallel to the ground)

Describe the Coronal or Frontal plane

-this plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections

Describe the Transverse plane

-The plane is perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into cranial and caudal sections

Draw a sagittal plane

What type of plane

Draw a transversal plane

Draw all three body planes and label them

Label

1) Dorsal

2) Plantar

Draw the following on a horse

1) Posterior

2) Anterior

3) caudal

4) cranial

5) dorsal

6) ventral

7) proximal

8) distal

Label the parts on the horse

Label the 6 different axis on a horse

Dorsal in relation to body

refers to the plane that represents structures that are related to the back (upper side of the animal; dosrum in latin) of the animal when the animal is standing on its four legs

Ventral

refers to the plane that represents structures that are related to the belly (venter in latin) of the animal when the animal is standing

cranial

refers to the structures located towards the head of an animal (cranium; skill while the animal is standing)

Caudal

refers to the structures located towards the head of an animal (cauda refers to tail in latin)

Rostral (in relation to the head)

refers to structures located towards the muzzle

Rostrum in latin

refers to the beak or nose

dorsum in latin

upper side of the animal in latin

venter in latin

the belly in latin

cranium in latin

skull in latin

cauda in latin

tail in latin

Caudal (in relation to the head)

refers to structures located towards the tail which makes sense for structures in the head

Anterior (in relation to the head)

refers to structures located closer to the front of the body or nearer to the head

Posterior (in relation to the head)

refers to structures located closer to the back end of the body (hind end)

Proximal (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures that are close towards the junction of the limbs with the body

Distal (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures that are away located in a distance away from the junction of the limbs to the body

Dorsal (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures that are directed towards the back of the animal (an animal

that is standing on four legs)

Palmar (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures directed towards the 'underside' of the forearm (manus)

(palm of the hand)

Plantar (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures directed towards the 'underside' or 'bottom surface' of the

foot (hind limb)

Medial (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures directed towards the midline

Lateral (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures that are directed away from the midline, i.e. directed

towards the side

Axial (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures directed towards the longitudinal axis of the limbs

Abaxial (in reference to limbs)

refers to structures directed away from the longitudinal axis of the limbs

1) rostral

2) dorsal

3) ventral

4) cranial

5) caudal

6) dorsal

7) ventral

8) cranial

9) antrebrachiocarpal joint

10) dorsal

11) palmar

12) caudal

13) cranial

14) dorsal

15) caudal

16) tarsocrucal joint

17) plantar

Label the anatomical terms of direction (17)

1) Long axis of the limb

2) Axial

3) Abaxial

1) Midline

2) Medial

3) Lateral

Buccal

refers structures directed towards the cheek

Lingual

refers to structures directed towards the tongue

Mesial

related to the surface that is directed towards the

midline of the jaw (dental arch)

Distal

related to the surface that is directed away from the

midline of the jaw (dental arch)

Occlusal

refers to the grinding surface of the teeth.

Diastema

refers to space or gap between two teeth. In

veterinary terms, there is significantly large diastema between canines and premolars

Label the following in the cheek

1) Buccal

2) distal

3) mesial

4) diastema

5) occlusal

6) lingual

Label the 6 structures of the cheek

Where is a significantly large diastema?

-there is a large one of these between canines and premolars

What are the functions of connective tissues?

1) tissues for support

2) tissues to link

3) tissues to separate various types of tissues and organs in the body

What are the other three types of tissues (besides connective) that provide support

1) epitheleal

2) muscle

3) nervous

Connective tissues include what? (6)

1) fibros tissue (fascia)

2) bones

3) ligaments

4) tendons

5) cartilage

6) adipose

Examples of connective tissues (7)

1)Fascia

2) mesenteries

3) bone

4) ligaments

5) cartilage

6) tendons

7) synovial membrane

8) etc.

What are the three main components of connective tissues?

1) fibers

2) ground substance (formless matrix)

3) cells

How do the classification of connective tissues vary?

-these vary by the proportions of fibers, ground substance, and cells which depend on the requirements of the structure

What are the three types of fibers?

1) collagenous

2) elastic

3) reticular

What is the most abundant type of fibers?

-collagenous type

What does the collagenous type of fiber consist of?

-the protein collagen

Give some examples of things with collagen in them (4)

1) tendon

2) skin

3) cartilage

4) bone

What is the function of collagen

-helps tissues bind to eachother

What do elastic fibers consist of?

-these fibers consist of the protein elastin

What is an example of something with elastin

-the extracellular matrix is an example of something containing this protein

What is the function of elastin in elastic fibers?

-this facilitates the recoiling in structures such as arteries and lungs

What do reticular fibers contain?

-these fibers contain the protein reticulin

What is the function of reticulin in reticular fibers?

-this functions as scaffolding for other cells in structures such as the liver and lymphoid organs

What does the ground substance consist of?

-this type of connective tissue consists of

1) formless matrix

2) large carbohydrates like chondrotin sulfate

3) complexes with proteins and carbohydrates such as glycosaminoglycans

What are glycosaminoglycans?

-these are a type of ground substance made up of complexes with proteins and carbohydrates

What are the two types of cells?

1) stationary

2) migrating

What are two exampes of stationary cells?

-fibroblasts and adipocytes

What are four examples of migrating cells?

1) mast cells

2) macrophages

3) monocytes

4) lymphocytes

What are the three types of connective tissue?

1) loose connective tissue

2) dense connective tissue

3) specialized connective tissue

What is the most common type of connective tissue?

loose connective tissue

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

-this supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to other underlying

What is an example of loose connective tissue?

-aerolar tissue

-reticular tissue

-adipose tissue

What composes dense connective tissue?

-this type of connective tissue is composed on bundles of collage and fibroblasts

How is dense connective tissue subdivided

-this connective tissue is subdivided into

1)dense regular connective tissue

2)dense irregular connective tissue

3) elastic connective tissue

Give an example of dense connective tissue

-tendons and ligaments are examples of this type of connective tissue

Give examples of specialized connective tissue

-blood, cartilage, and bone are examples of this type of connective tissue

What are the two types of proper connective tissue?

-loose and dense

How is bone connective tissue divided

-spongy

-compact

How is cartilage connective tissue subdivided

-elastic

-fibrocartilage

-hyaline

Draw a chart with the types of connective tissue subdivided