Anatomy and physiology Test 1 chapters 1-4. fuck

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Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body

What are the characteristics of life

Movement, Reponsiveness, growth, metabolism, and digestion

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions within cell/body

What are the maintenance of life

Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

what are the two types of pressures

Atomspheric and hydrostatic

Atmospheric pressure

Important for breating

Hydrostatic pressure

Keeps blood flowing

Homeostasis

Maintaining of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic control mechanisms

Monitor internal environment and correct to keep variations within limits/ranges

What does Negative feedback do

Put us back into homeostasis

Positive feedback

Takes us out of homeostasis

Visceral layer

Covers an organ

Parietal layer

lines a cavity or body

Elements

Substances that can not be broken down into simpler chemical substances

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

The three states of matter:

Solid, liquid, gas

Living and non living matter is composed of __ naturally occuring elements

92

95% od an organism is mostly composed of what 6 elements?

Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Trace elements

Elements needed to survive but are only present in small amounts

Where do plants absorbs trace elements

soil

How do animals absorb trace elements

Consuming

What is an atom

The smallest particle of an element that has characteristics of the element and the building block of matter

What charge do protons have

Positive

What charge do neutrons have

Neutral

What charge do electrons have

Negative

What do the protons represent in the atoms nucleus

Proton Number

Where are electrons present in an atom

Cloud around the nucleus

Ion with a positive charge

Cation

Ion with a negative charge

Anion

What is an isotope

Atoms of the same element with differing number of neutrons

What does the outmost/valence electron shell determine in an element

Reactivity

Octect rule

Atoms lose or gain electrons to fill their valence shells and become more stable

How many electrons do atoms “want” in there outer shell

8

What is a compund

When atoms of two or more different elements bound together

What is a molecule

The smallest unit of a compound that can exist and still retain properties of the compund

What is a chemical reaction

The process that changes a set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

What is a reactant

The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reactions

What is a product

The element or compound produced by a chemical reaction

Synthesis (Anabolic) reaction

More complex chemical structure is formed

Example of synthesis reaction

A + B→ AB

Decomposition (catabolic) reaction

Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure

Example of decomposistion reaction

AB → A + B

Exchange reaction

Chemical bounds are broken and new bonds are formed

Exanple of exchange reaction

AB + CD → AD +CB

Reversible reaction

Products change back to the reactants

Chemical bonding

Bonds between atoms are caused by electrons in the outermost (valence) shell

Bonding

Joining atoms together

Ionic bond

2 atoms connect when an electron is given and the other recieves it

Covalent bonds

When two atoms share electrons so each atom has an octect of electrons in there valence shell

Electronegative

Elements that pull on electrons

Electropositive

Elements that do NOT pull on electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds

The sharing of electrons is equal and the electrons are not attracted to either atom to a greater degree

Polar covalent bonds

The sharing of electrons is unequal

pH

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration

What do bases do

Remove hydrogen ions and are bitter to the taste

Elctrolytes

Substances that release ions in water

Acids

Electrolytes that dissociate to release H+ in water

Bases

Substances that release ions that can combine with H+

Salts

Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and base

pH scale

Indicates the concentration of H+ in solution

Neutral

pH 7; equal concentration of H+ and OH-

Acidic

pH < 7; Indicates a greater concentration of H+

Basic/alkaline

pH > 7; a greater concentration of OH-

What happens when H+ is added to pure water

pH goes down and water becomes acidic

What happens when OH- is added to pure water

pH goes up and becomes more basic

Buffer

solutes in water that resist change in pH

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (Continues until dynamic equilibrium is met)

3 factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

Concentration, temperature, and pressure

The cell

The basic organizational structure of the human body

Differentiation

When cells specialize (They get a job and a W2)

Cell membrane

A selectively premeable phospholipid bo-layer with embedded portends

what are the main compenents of a cell

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Cell adhesion molecules

Guides cells on the move

Selectin

Allows white blood cells to “anchor”

Integrin

Guides white blood cells through capillary walls