World History Midterms

What is the most important question in history?

So what?

Historical Narrative

story of a historical event

Lens

the viewpoint of someone

Interpretation

the action of explaining the meaning of something

Cosmopolitanism

connectivity and cooperation between people and cultures

Exclusivism

ideas that are in favor of a single person or culture

Globalization

interaction, communication, and trade between different groups

Silk Road

connected china, india, and the middle east and was used for trading

Unintended Consequences

the unexpected result of a decision

Johannes Guttenberg

invented metal letters to make a bible

Reformation

A movement for religious change

Indulgences

selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church

What did indulgences lead to?

reformation and questioning of the Catholic Church

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

Who created protestantism?

Martin Luther

Inquisition

a church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Heresy

against orthodox opinion

Summis

written authorization for witch hunting

Heinrich Kramer

wrote Malleus Maleficarum (witch hammer)

Who was named defender of the faith?

Henry VIII

Church of England

Henry VIII founded the church to divorce his wife

Council of Trent

meetings that discussed the reformation

Defenstration of Prague

throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia and started the Thirty Years' War

Thirty Years War

conflict between European powers

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Tuareg

nomads from the Sahara, also called the Berbers

Kingdom of Mali

controlled by west Africa and dominated trade in Africa

Mansa Musa

emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa and is the richest person to ever live

University of Sankore

located in Timbuktu and houses books from around the world

Gold

made people travel to Africa and gave Mansu Musa his money

Enlightenment

Period of time in which numerous thinkers began asking questions about life and society, primarily in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

commodity

a raw material or agricultural product that has value

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians

Constantinople/Istanbul

Capital of the East Roman Empire and of the Ottoman Empire.

Abacus

an ancient counting device

The Black Legend

Concept that Spanish conquerors tortured and murdered Indians leaving nothing of benefit

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

1492

Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Astralobe

instrument used to measure latitude

The Spice Trade

The trade of spices from Asia and India to merchants who would then trade it to Europeans

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Copernicus/Heliocentrism

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.