Integrative Plant Anatomy - Lecture Review

Flashcards covering the fundamentals of integrative plant anatomy, tissue systems, and the structural characteristics of simple and complex tissues.

The science of the structure of the organized plant body, often learned by dissection, is called __________.

plant anatomy

Integrative Plant Anatomy studies internal morphology in connection with environment, function, and __________.

plant development

The smallest living unit of an organism, defined by a rigid outer boundary in plants, is the __________.

cell

A group of cells that have a common origin and are specialized to conduct a common function is a __________.

tissue

The __________ system of a plant includes the roots, tubers, and rhizomes.

root

The three tissue systems in a plant are the dermal, ground (fundamental), and __________ tissue systems.

vascular

The region of cells capable of division and growth in plants from which tissue systems originate is the __________.

meristem

The __________ tissue system is composed of closely packed epidermal cells that secrete a waxy cuticle.

dermal

The ground tissue system is functional for storage, photosynthesis, and __________ support.

mechanical

Tissues containing a single type of cell, such as parenchyma, are classified as __________ tissues.

simple

Tissues comprising different types of cells, like xylem and phloem, are called __________ tissues.

complex

Parenchyma cells are described as __________, meaning they are roughly spherical or polyhedral in shape.

isodiametric

Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis are specifically called __________.

chlorenchyma

In hydrophytes, parenchyma with large and abundant air spaces is known as __________.

aerenchyma

Ergastic substances like __________ are phenolic compounds found in individual parenchyma cells or specialized sacs.

tannins

Cystoliths are mineral crystals made of __________ that are common in plant families like Moraceae.

calcium carbonate

Starch grains are stored in plant cells within organelles called __________.

amyloplasts

Collenchyma walls are unlignified and consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and __________.

pectin

Collenchyma is the first supporting tissue to appear in a growing plant and its cells are __________ at maturity.

live

The distinguishing feature of __________ is the presence of a thick, lignified secondary wall and being dead at maturity.

sclerenchyma

The two types of sclerenchyma cells are __________ and fibres.

sclereids

Xylem cells include vessel elements, tracheids, parenchyma, and __________.

fibres

Vessel elements and tracheids are collectively referred to as __________.

tracheary elements

A __________ plate is formed at the end wall of a vessel element where the primary cell wall has been digested.

perforation

A __________ plate contains several elongated perforations that resemble the rungs of a ladder.

scalariform

Unlike vessel elements, __________ are tracheary elements that lack perforation plates.

tracheids

The most important difference between primary and secondary xylem is that secondary xylem has a vertical axial system and a horizontal __________ system.

ray

Annular or __________ secondary wall thickenings in early xylem allow the cells to be stretched during plant elongation.

helical