DCAP Final Exam Review

What is the process by which water molecules stick to each other called?

Cohesion

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose

Disaccharides

maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

glycogen, starch

Homeostasis

balance in the body

Which of the following terms describes molecules that do not dissolve in water?

Hydrophobic

Protein

A macromolecule composed of amino acids

Lipid

A macromolecule that serves as a long-term energy storage and structural component of cell membranes.

Carbohydrate

A macromolecule that provides a rapid energy source for the body.

Nucleic acid

A macromolecule responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information.

What is the name for the study of cells?

Cytology

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Superficial

Near the surface

Dorsal

Toward the back

Distal

Away from the point of attachment or origin

Covalent bond

Involves sharing electrons between atoms

Ionic bond

Involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Polar molecule

A molecule that has a partial positive and a partial negative charge

Nonpolar molecule

A molecule that has a symmetrical electron distribution

PH of lower numbers

are more acidic

PH of higher numbers

are less acidic

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback mechanism in the human body?

Blood clotting

A podiatrist (foot doctor) is an example of which subdiscipline of anatomy?

Regional anatomy

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?

To act as catalysts and speed up the reactions

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right halves

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back halves

Transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower halves

The nucleus of an atom is made up of ______ and ______ .

Protons and Neutrons

A

axillary

B

carpal

C

patellar

D

olecranal

E

sural

Exothermic Reaction

Needs less energy than it creates. Net Gain.

Endothermic Reaction

Needs more energy than it creates. Net Loss.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback mechanism in the human body?

Regulation of body temperature

Which of the following statements correctly describes anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body, while physiology examines how the body functions.

Which body system is responsible for transporting nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body?

Cardiovascular system

A solution with a pH of _____ is considered neutral.

7

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?

Acting as catalysts in metabolic reactions

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

To control what enters and exits the cell

Simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of flat cells; found in alveoli or lining of body cavities

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Designed for absorption and secretion in small glands; found in walls of kidney tubules

Simple columnar epithelium

Contain goblet cells; lines digestive tract

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Have cilia for protection against inhaled debris; located in large passageways of the respiratory system

Stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers of cells used for protection; located in epidermis

Transitional epithelium

Cells that are able to stretch; line the bladder

smooth muscle is controlled

involuntarily

skeletal muscle is controlled

voluntary

Epithelial Tissue

Covering body surfaces and lining body cavities

Connective Tissue

Supporting and protecting the body's structures

Muscle Tissue

Generating force and producing motion

Nervous Tissue

Mediating perception and response

Phagocytosis

cellular 'eating'

Pinocytosis

cellular 'drinking'

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

uses receptors on plasma membrane to bind to specific molecules and bring them into the cell

Exocytosis

large substances secreted from cell

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modification and packaging of proteins

Mucous membranes

line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Serous membranes

lines body cavities

Cutaneous membrane

skin

Synovial membranes

line joint cavities

Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to the cell.

Isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to the cell.

The correct order of the phases of mitosis is

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Identify the phase of mitosis shown here:

Anaphase

Which type of cell secretes mucus?

Goblet cell

what is responsible for protein synthesis

The Ribosome

Which type of cartilage is found in the external ear?

Elastic cartilage

What type of tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord?

nervous tissue

These are cellular extensions that move substances along the outside of the cell.

cilia

Epithelial tissue

Tightly packed cells arranged in continuous sheets

Connective

Relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

Muscle

Types include smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Nervous

Specialized cells called neurons and supportive cells called neuroglia

These increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption

microvilli

A cell is placed in a solution as shown in the picture. The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to sucrose.

Out of the cell

Which organelle is responsible for breaking down waste materials?

Lysosomes

A ligand is a molecule that

binds to and activates a receptor

Glycocalyx acts as a

cell fingerprint

Phospholipids with attached carbohydrates are called

glycolipids

Proteins that regulate movement of substances across the membrane are called

transport proteins

Structure of the Nucleus

surrounded by a membrane, contains DNA, contains nucleolus

Function of the Nucleus

protect and store genetic material, control cell activities

A

Epiphysis

B

Diaphysis

C

Medullary cavity

D

Yellow bone marrow

E

Periosteum

Which structure in a long bone is responsible for growth in length during childhood and adolescence?

Epiphyseal plate

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

To cover the outer surface of bone

Which hormone is released in response to increased blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

What is the correct sequence of cell differentiation in bone tissue?

Osteogenic cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes

Which of the following best describes the process of intramembranous ossification?

It forms bone directly from mesenchymal connective tissue

osteogenic cells

stem cells that divide

osteoblasts

immature bone cells that synthesis and secrete collagen

osteoclasts

large phagocytic cells that break down bone

chondroblasts

immature cells that produce cartilage