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What is imperialism?
A practice by which a country extends its power and influence over other countries
What is colonialism?
A practice of acquiring and maintaining control over a territory.
What were the main motivations for Western imperialism?
Overseas markets for industrial production, raw materials, military protection for missionaries, strategic advantages, and national prestige.
Why was the Suez Canal important to Britain?
It was seen as a "lifeline" for Britain's Asian possessions, providing a critical sea route.
How did Britain assert control over the Suez Canal?
Through the invasion of Egypt in 1882 and imposing limits on local food production.
What percentage of food production in Egypt was limited to local needs?
30%.
What did the concept of "White Man’s Burden" entail?
Western powers had a duty to provide superior culture, Christianity, and enlightened administration to colonized people.
How did France compensate for territorial losses in Europe?
By pursuing conquests in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific.
How did Britain and France cooperate despite rivalry?
Britain recognized French interests in Morocco, and France accepted British control of Egypt. They also worked together to check German expansion.
What was Kaiser Wilhelm's Weltpolitik?
Germany’s policy to expand its global influence militarily, economically, and politically.
What did Germany do to challenge Britain and France?
Seized the Chinese port of Kiao-Chow, declared the Kaiser as "protector" of Muslims, and contested influence in North Africa and the Middle East.
What regions did Russia target in its expansion?
The Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, and Pacific.
Why was the Ottoman Empire called the "Sick Man of Europe"?
Due to its declining power and loss of control over Balkan territories.
Which Balkan states gained independence from the Ottoman Empire?
Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro.
What caused the Russo-Japanese War?
Japanese expansion conflicted with Russian interests in Asia.
What were the outcomes of the Russo-Japanese War?
Japan defeated Russia militarily, leading to nationalist revolutions in Persia, Turkey, and China, and weakening the Romanov dynasty.
What was the Pan-American Union?
A US-dominated political system aiming to emancipate the Americas from European influence
What were the key US acquisitions in Central America?
Agricultural resources, mineral rights, Cuban sugar cane monopoly, and the United Fruit Company's "banana empire."
How was the Panama Canal built?
The US supported Panama’s independence and authorized the canal's construction in 1904.
What role did US intervention play in Cuba and Panama?
Both countries included clauses in their constitutions allowing US intervention and authorized the construction of US military bases.
What was the 1918 Influenza pandemic also known as?
The Spanish Flu.
What were the causes of war according to Wilson?
Secret diplomacy, oppression of ethnic minorities, and autocratic systems monopolizing power.
What were Wilson's principles for European strategy?
Open discussion of international issues, minimizing secretive intrigues, redrawing Europe's map based on self-determination, and democratizing political institutions.
What was the structure of the League of Nations?
Each member had one vote, with permanent council seats for England, France, Italy, the USA, and Japan.
What power did permanent members of the League of Nations have?
They could veto proposals threatening their national interests.
How were British and French colonial empires treated?
As single political units, with no recognition of national self-determination for non-European populations.
Why were German-speaking Austrians forbidden from joining Germany after WWI?
It was perceived as a security threat to Eastern Europe.
When and what was the Treaty of Versailles?
Signed on June 28, 1919, it officially ended World War I.
How did the price of bread in Germany change during hyperinflation from 1922 to 1923?
From 163 marks (1922) to 200 billion marks (November 1923).
What challenges did economic nationalism bring to post-WWI Europe?
Increased economic units, disrupted traditional trade routes, and discriminatory practices limiting commerce.
What did the Locarno Treaties aim to achieve?
A post-war territorial settlement and normalization of relations with Germany.
Who were flappers, and what did they represent?
Stylish young women who challenged Victorian morality by embracing public smoking, drinking, and jazz culture.
What was the goal of Prohibition in the 1920s?
To reduce crime and corruption, address social issues, and improve public health.
What triggered the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
Reckless speculation and a mild economic recession led to a mass sell-off of overpriced shares.
What were the effects of the stock market crash?
Millions of shares became worthless, production slowed, unemployment rose, and homelessness increased.
What were the "3 R's" of Roosevelt's New Deal?
Relief, recovery, and reform.
What did Ikki Kita advocate?
A hybrid of state society and "Asian nationalism" blending ultranationalism with militarism
Who fought in the Spanish Civil War, and who won?
Republicans (communists and anarchists) vs. Nationalists (led by Franco). The Nationalists won.
What racial ideology did Mussolini promote?
Italians as the Mediterranean branch of the Aryan Race in a Darwinian struggle for power.
What influenced Hitler's ideology and Nazi Party structure?
Mussolini and Italian Fascism.
What was the Beer Hall Putsch?
A failed 1923 coup attempt by Hitler and the Nazis to seize power in Munich.
What does "Mein Kampf" outline?
Hitler's vision for a racial-based society and the transformation of Germany.
What was the significance of the Reichstag Fire?
Nazis used it to suspend basic rights and detain opponents without trial.
What was the purpose of the Night of the Long Knives?
To consolidate Hitler's power by eliminating rivals like Ernst Röhm and the SA.
What was Lebensraum, and why was it significant to Germany's war strategy?
referred to the "living space" in Eastern Europe and Western Russia, aimed at supplying Germany with food, raw materials, and space for surplus populations.
How did Hitler expand the Wehrmacht in 1935?
Increased its size to 600,000, developed the Luftwaffe, and expanded the Kriegsmarine.
What were notable aspects of the 1936 Berlin Olympics?
First televised games, barred German Jewish athletes, and featured a 100,000-seat stadium.
What was Anschluss, and when did it occur?
The 1938 invasion of Austria by Germany, met with no resistance.
What was decided at the Munich Conference?
European powers agreed to Hitler's terms without involving Czechoslovakia.
How was Poland divided during WWII?
Germany invaded on September 1, 1939; the Soviet Union invaded Eastern Poland on September 17, 1939.
How did Germany defeat France in WWII?
German forces breached defences at Sedan, severing supply lines and moving towards the Channel Coast.
What characterized the Vichy regime in France?
An authoritarian, xenophobic, and anti-Semitic government that collaborated with Nazi Germany
How did Charles de Gaulle resist German occupation?
Opposed the armistice, fled to London, and broadcast calls for resistance.
What advantages helped Britain during the Battle of Britain?
Superior Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, radar technology, and intelligence decoding German radio messages.
What was Operation Barbarossa?
Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 with 4 million troops.
How did Japan's actions in Indochina escalate tensions with Western powers?
Occupied northern Indochina in 1940 and later threatened British and Dutch possessions, leading to asset freezes and an oil embargo.
What was Executive Order 9066?
The relocation and imprisonment of nearly 120,000 Japanese-Americans during WWII
Why was the Battle of Stalingrad significant?
Marked a turning point on the Eastern Front and a major defeat for Nazi Germany
What was D-Day, and when did it occur?
The largest amphibious invasion in history on June 6, 1944, marking the Allied liberation of Nazi-occupied Europe.
What was the Holocaust?
The Nazi extermination of over 6 million Jews and other targeted groups through death camps and mass killings.
What were the effects of the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Hiroshima: 90,000–146,000 killed. Nagasaki: 39,000–80,000 killed. Ended WWII in the Pacific.
What was the Atlantic Charter, and who developed it?
A joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill in August 1941, outlining war goals and the foundation for the United Nations.
Name three major points of the Atlantic Charter
Opposition to territorial changes against people's wishes, advocacy for self-government restoration, and support for freedom of the seas.
Who were the "Four Policemen," and what was their role in the UN concept?
The US, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China; they were tasked with maintaining global security, with other countries disarmed to prevent new wars.
What was the purpose of the San Francisco Conference in 1945?
To draft the United Nations Charter with participation from 46 nations.
What are the primary goals of the United Nations?
Maintain international peace and security, Develop friendly relations among nations, Achieve international cooperation.
Name the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.
The US, the Soviet Union (now Russia), Britain, China, and France.
What was the impact of the Red Scare on Hollywood?
The HUAC led to over 500 job losses, with writers, directors, and actors blacklisted for over a decade.
What led to the Communist victory in China in 1949?
Increased territory control, economic mismanagement by Nationalists, and widespread strikes and unrest.
What were the two sides in the Greek Civil War, and who supported them?
Hellenic Army (government forces): supported by the UK and US; Democratic Army of Greece: backed by Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union.
What was the outcome of the Greek Civil War?
Government victory, Greece joined NATO in 1952.
What was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine?
To provide military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent Communist expansion.
What was the aim of the Marshall Plan?
To provide $13 billion in aid to Western Europe to counter post-WWII economic hardship and resist communism.
What is NATO, and when was it established?
A military alliance of 30 countries was formed in April 1949 to ensure collective defence.
What led to the establishment of Israel in 1948?
UN Resolution 181 proposed partitioning Palestine; Israel was proclaimed on May 14, 1948, after the British Mandate ended.
What caused the Korean War, and what was its outcome?
North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950; it ended with an armistice in 1953, creating the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
What was the result of Iran nationalizing its oil in 1951?
Economic crisis and a military coup in 1953, leading to Western control over Iranian oil
How did Nasser promote Pan-Arabism?
By nationalizing the Suez Canal in 1956 and leading military initiatives to expel colonial powers.
What did the Eisenhower Doctrine promise?
Economic and military aid to Middle Eastern states resisting communism.
What triggered the Six-Day War?
False Soviet claims of an Israeli attack and Nasser's blockade of Israeli ships.
What were the outcomes of the Six-Day War?
Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Golan Heights.
What caused the 1973 Oil Crisis?
OPEC reduced oil production in response to Western support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War, causing global price increases.
What was the outcome of the 1979 Iranian Revolution?
The monarchy was replaced by an Islamic Republic led by Ayatollah Khomeini.
What caused the Iran-Iraq War, and how did it end?
Iraq's invasion of Iran over territorial disputes ended in a truce in 1988 with massive losses on both sides.
What is détente?
A period of eased Cold War tensions between the US and USSR, marked by diplomatic and arms control agreements.
What was SALT I?
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement (1972) that limited ICBMs and SLBMs.
What were the Helsinki Accords?
: A 1975 agreement promoting human rights, economic cooperation, and recognition of European borders.
When did Cuba become a republic?
1902, after being administered by the US military.
Who was Batista, and when did he serve as president?
A Cuban military leader who served as president from 1940–44 and seized power again in 1952.
What event in 1953 built Fidel Castro's reputation?
His raid on army barracks and subsequent imprisonment.
What was the significance of the Granma expedition in 1956?
Castro and Che Guevara led a failed invasion; only 20 survived to continue the revolution.
What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?
A failed attempt by Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, supported by the US.
Why did the Bay of Pigs fail?
Lack of air support from the US and exposure to the international community.
What triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Soviet nuclear missile deployments in Cuba in response to US missiles in Italy and Turkey.
How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?
The USSR removed missiles from Cuba; the US pledged not to invade Cuba and removed missiles from Turkey.
What was the Domino Theory?
The belief that if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, others would follow.
What was Vietnamization?
Nixon’s strategy to withdraw US troops while training South Vietnamese forces.
What was the significance of the Tet Offensive (1968)?
It caused heavy fighting in over 100 South Vietnamese cities and eroded US public support for the war.
When did Saigon fall, and what was the result?
April 30, 1975; Vietnam was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
How many US troops were in Vietnam by 1967?
Nearly 500,000.
