NUTR 3000 - Micro minerals

What are the functions of iron

part of heme and cofactor for enzymes

What animals receive iron injections at birth

pigs

Sources of iron

feeds, meat

What is a poor source of iron

milk

The human adult contains how much iron

3g

How much of the human iron content is in hemoglobin

2g

RBCs last how long before iron is recycled

120 days

Some iron is stored in the

liver and spleen

the iron storage protein is

ferritin

Anemia is a shortage of

hemoglobin

Anemia can be caused by

iron deficiency (most common deficiency)

How to reduce Fe deficiency in humans

-control parasites and malaria

-eat more vit C

-eat more meat

-check levels of Ca/phenolics

-add Fe to table salt

T/F: iron is excreted in large ammounts

false, almost no iron is secreted

Excess iron can come from

-cooking acid foods in iron pots

-eating iron pills

(can cause shock, death, intestinal bleeding, toxicity from free radicals)

Iron is found in many foods (beets and spinach) but is not always

available

The functions of copper

-many enzymes, especially oxidases

-formation of bone, collagen, elastin, hemoglobin

Copper is found in

most feeds

A deficiency of copper can cause

• Wasting

• Anemia

• Swayback (ataxia) in lambs and calves

• Bone defects

• Bursting of blood vessels

• Depigmentation (inactive tyrosinase), "spectacles" around eyes

• "Steely wool"

Who has a high copper requirements

sheep, lambs for wool. Deficiency gives steely wool

A deficiency of copper is rare in

humans

induced copper deficiencies can arise from

excess Zn or Mo (galvanized metal found in feeders or drinkers)

How does excess zinc cause copper deficiency?

When there's too much zinc in thebody, the body produces moremetallothionein, a binding proteinthat helps absorb copper.

What animal is easily poisoned by excess copper

sheep

What animal can handle high Cu levels

pigs

With excess copper, sheep can get

jaundice (don't feed them cow feed, cows can handle more)

Excess copper for provide certain benefits to pigs, like

acting as a growth stimulant

Excess copper isn't advised for pigs because

it might not be good for human consumption, and have mineral leeching in manure, soil, and water

what is one function of zinc

for enzymes

Sources of zinc

meats (poultry and fish)

Signs of zinc deficiency

• Dermatitis

• Poor wound healing

• Signs often vague

What other supplements may cause zinc deficiencies

High Ca intake or Fe supplements may cause it

What can reduce zinc availability

phytate

Sometime iron, phosphorous and zinc are in a plant but not available, because they are bound to

phytate

Excess in zinc can come from

metal working (causing brassfounder's ague, where brass is Zn and Cu)

What two minerals can be growth promoters in pigs

Cu

Zn

Manganese function

enzymes

Manganese sources

most feeds

T/F: corn is high in manganese

false, it is low

Deficiency of manganese causes

• Poor cartilage and bone

• Slipped tendon in chickens

What mineral can cause Mn deficiency

High Ca can cause

Mn is toxic on

inhalation (easy to have excess in mines)

There is little storage of

Mn

Selenium functions

enzymes protecting from oxidative damage (Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase)

part of proteins (selenomethionine or selenocysteine)

Some forages can accumulate

selenium

Selenium can be added to soil via

fertilizers

What soil are low in Se

-east side of NA

-South island of NZ

Selenium deficiency effects

-oxidative damage (white muscle and dystrophy lambs and calves)

-Liver necrosis

-low disease resistance

-poor feathering

-retained placentas in cattle

The safety margin for selenium is __________

narrow, toxicity level is low

Plants can become toxic sources of Se since they

accumulate Se

excess Se effects

hair and hoof loss

Selenium overlaps with what vitamin

Vitamin E

What is one function of Molybdenum (MO)

enzymes

T/F: Normal diets have adequate MO sources

true

T/F: Deficiencies of MO are common

false, unknown so far. Only one case

Excess of MO is ________

rare

An excess in MO causes a deficiency in

a Cu deficiency

How does an excess in MO cause a Cu deficiency

•High Mo = Cu thiomolybdate

•Mo and Sulfur interact in the digestive tract of ruminants and form thiomolybdate. If Mo is in excess then thiomolybdates can interfere with Cu absorption

MO can be added to soils in order to

increase nodulation in legumes to increase N fixation

Legumes work with ________________ bacteria to form nodules that fix nitrogen

rhizobium

Function of cobalt

part of B12

Sources of Co

mineral supplements

rumen boluses

feed grown on Co-adequate soil

Deficiency of Co effects

• Deficiency:

• Loss of appetite

• Anemia

• Wasting

• Death

Rumen bacteria convert _____ to ___________ (think vitamins)

Co

Vit B12

T/F: Horses are more resistant to B12 deficiency than cows

True

Iodine functions as part of

part of thyroid hormone, thyroxin

Thyroxin influences

embryonic development and metabolic rate

Sources of iodine

iodized salt, milk and fish, feed gown on I-adequate soils

Being close to the ocean means

you are less likely to be iodine deficient

Iodine deficiency effects

• Deformity

• Impaired mental development

• May be born dead, lack of hair

• Goiter (enlargement of thyroid, swollen neck) (fairly common still)

Iodine deficiency is more common in

inland regions

Induced deficiency of iodine can arise from

-plants that contain goitrogens (antithyroid compounds)

What plant families are known to have goitrogens

brassica and cassava

Excess of iodine can cause

-goiter

-thyroid inflammation

-hyperthyroidism

Excess of iodine can arise from eating too much

seaweed

Fluorine function

-bones and teeth (have trace F)

Fluoride sources

water

Deficiency of fluorine can cause

tooth decay, weak bones, worsening osteoporosis

Excess fluorine can cause

-poor growth

-tissue damage

-marks on teeth

-weaken teeth

-exostoses (lumps on bones)

Boron is required by

plants and green algae, and some bacteria

Boron may be associated with growth in

pigs

Chromium functions

-glucose absorption (help insulin)

-immune responses

-leaner carcasses

Excess of chromium (Cr) can cause

-hypoglycemia

-stomach issues

-organ damage

Silicon (Si) function

-structural material for diatoms and grasses

-involved in animal tissues (CT, bone, eggshells)

_________________is said to have some anti-cancer action

germanium (GE)

____________ sometimes used medically to increase bone density

strontium (Sr)

Other minerals include

Tungsten (W)

Strontium (Sr)

Nickel (Ni)

Vanadium (V)

Germanium (Ge)