lab 1 - anatomical terminology & tissues

the anatomical positions, directions & regions + tissues (for post-lab quiz #1)

deep

away from the body surface; more internal to another structure

[EX] the heart is deep to the rib cage

dorsal

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

[EX] the spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body

distal

farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

[EX] the wrist is distal to the elbow

inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body

[EX] the stomach is inferior to the heart

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side

[EX] the arms are lateral to the heart

medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

[EX] the lungs are medial to the shoulders

proximal

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

[EX] the elbow is proximal to the hand

superficial

closer to the outside; external to another structure

the skin is superficial to the biceps brachii muscle

superior

toward the head end of upper part of the structure or body; above

[EX] the chest is superior to the pelvis

ventral

toward the belly side of the human body or at the front of the body

[EX] the umbilicus (belly button) is on the ventral side of the body

the epigastric region is ______ (direction) to the stomach, where the hypogastric region is _____ (direction) to the stomach

superior, inferior

anterior

in front of; toward the front surface

[EX] the stomach is anterior to the spinal cord

posterior

in back of; toward the back surface

[EX] the heart is posterior to the sternum

cranial (cephalic)

toward the head end

[EX] the shoulders are cranial to the feet

caudal

toward the rear end

[EX] the buttocks are caudal to the head

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

[EX] the frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the back of the head

ipsilateral

on the same side

[EX] the right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg

contralateral

on the opposite side

[EX] the right arm is contralateral to the left leg

abdominal

region inferior to the thorax & superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

antebrachial

forearm - the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

antecubital

region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region (triangular depression on the front side of the elbow joint)

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm - portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

calcaneal

heel of the foot

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

cranial

skull

crural

leg - the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

deltoid

shoulder

digital

finger or toes (also referred to as phalangeal)

dorsal/dorsum

back

facial

face

femoral

thigh

fibular

lateral aspect of the leg

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock

hallux

big toe

hip

lateral region between trunk & thigh

inguinal

groin - sometimes used to indicate the crease between the thigh & the trunk

lumbar

the “small of the back”; the inferior part of the back between the ribs and pelvis

mammary

breast

manus

hand

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

turn yo big head BACK around & tf BACK to your seat

aka the posterior aspect of the head

olecranal

posterior aspect of the elbow

oral

mouth

orbital

eye

palmar

palm (anterior surface) of the hand

patellar

kneecap

pectoral

chest; includes mammary region

pelvic

pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

perineal

diamond shapes region between the thighs that contains the anus & external reproductive organs

pes

foot

plantar

sole of the foot

pollex

thumb

popliteal

area posterior to the knee

pubic (hypogastric) region

anterior region of the pelvis

radial

lateral aspect (thumb side) of forearm

sacral

posterior region between the hip bones

scapular

shoulder blade

sternal

anterior middle region of the thorax

sural

calf (posterior part of the leg)

tarsal

proximal part of the foot and ankle

thoracic

part of torso superior to thoracic diaphragm; contains pectoral, axillary, and sternal regions

tibial

medial aspect of leg

ulnar

medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm

umbilical

naval

vertebral

spinal column

buccal

cheek

acromial

bony tip or highest point of the shoulder blade

metacarpals

five long bones that form the structure of the palm in the human hand

metatarsals

five long bones in the middle of the foot that connect the ankle region to the toes

coxal

relating to the hip, hip bone, or hip joint in human

write out the names of the abdominal regions (from right to left as pictured)

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac

right lumbar (lateral), umbilical, left lumbar (lateral)

right iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pelvic) , left iliac (inguinal)

write out the names of the abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper quadrant, left lower quadrant

right lower quadrant; left lower quadrant

dorsal body cavity (posterior aspect)

continuous internal space located on the posterior side of the human body that houses and protects elements of the central nervous system

cranial cavity

large, hollow space inside the skull that holds & protects the human brain

vertebral cavity

the long, hollow space inside the backbone that houses & protects the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

the large anterior space in the human body that house and protects the internal organs

thoracic cavity

hollow space in the chest enclosed by the ribs, spine, breastbone, and separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm

pleural cavity

small, fluid-filled space between the two thin membranes that surround each lung inside the chest

pericardial cavity

small, fluid-filled space located between the outer and inner layers of the serous pericardium that surrounds the heart

diaphragm

large, dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon located the below the lungs that serves as the primary muscle for breathing and separates the chest cavity from the abdomen

abdominopelvic cavity

the largest hollow space in the human body, stretching from the diaphragm down to the pelvic floor

abdominal cavity

a large body space located below the chest & above the pelvis that houses and protects major digestive, urinary, and endocrine organs

pelvic cavity

bowl shaped space located at the base of the trunk, sitting directly below the abdominal cavity

parietal layer

the outer part of a serous membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity

visceral layer

the inner layer of a serous membrane that wraps directly around an organ in the body’s cavities

identify anatomical planes from which tissue is cut to visualize its defining characteristic

what are the specific directions that anatomical planes divide the body/tissue into?

what are the 4 tissue types found in the human body

epithelial → connective → muscle → nervous (mnemonic: every cell makes nutrition)

what is the general order of the 4 tissue types from superficial to deep

epithelial → connective → muscle → nervous

what is 1 unique characteristic of each tissue type?

epithelial - cells are tightly packed with little to no extracellular space

connective - lots of extracellular matrix

muscle - cells are specialized for contraction (movement)

nervous - specialized for electrical signaling (communication)

describe how epithelial and connective tissues are classified

epithelial: by number of cell layers (single, stratified, pseudostratified) & shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

connective: by extracellular matrix (made of fibers, ground substance, fluid), loose vs dense connective tissue, supporting (cartilage & bone) fluid (blood)

what is at least 1 function of epithelial and connective tissue in the human body

epithelial - protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, sensation

connective - support, binding tissues together, protection, energy storage, transportation, immune defense