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How did the dominance of the West change in the 20th century
Land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century’s end.
How did the Ottoman Empire change in the 20th century
The Young Turks overthrew the Sultan in 1908 and secularized schools and the law code. They started political elections and made Turkish the official language of the empire. This alienated minority groups like the Arabs, starting nationalist movements among those groups, weakening the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottomans lost World War I, the empire ended.
How did Russia change in the 20th century?
The growing middle class and industrial working class began to demand a voice in government decisions, such as during the Russian Revolution of 1905, which was brutally suppressed. Nicholas II offered some reforms like a constitution, the legalization of unions and political parties, but not much changed in reality. Then, Russia entered World War I and the challenges of the war led to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks took power and Russia became the Soviet Union which was the first Communist State.
How did China change in the 20th century?
A revolutionary movement against the western powers that had taken control in China in the 19th century, and the Qing dynasty that did not stop them, was led by Sun Yat-Sen. This led to the Qing emperor stepping down and the end of 2000 years of imperial rule in China. A new provisional government was established but a civil war broke out and China became a communist state under Mao Zedong by the middle of the 20th century.
How did Mexico change in the 20th century?
The Mexican Revolution took place ousting a dictator named Porfirio Diaz whose rule made western powers like the US and Britain wealthy, but hurt the people of Mexico. Francisco Madero became president due to his socialist ideas about land redistribution, but was assassinated. Peasant armies rose up, led by popular figures like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata but they were not able to take control of the country. By 1917, a new constitution had been written that addressed many of the grievances that led to the revolution starting
What were the MAIN causes of World War I?
Militarism: The massive building of armies and navies, led by Britain and Germany.
Alliances: the Triple Alliance was Germany, Italy and, Austria-Hungary. The Triple Entente was Russia, France and Britain. Attack any of these states, and you’ve also attacked their allies.
Imperialism: There were bitter rivalries among European countries created by the competition to grab lands in Africa and Asia.
Nationalism: The growth of the feeling of glory and commonality of a state’s people, while defining other states of enemies, led to conflicts being met with force.
What was the spark that started World War I?
Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, killed the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, which led to the alliances kicking in
What is a total war?
The entire population of a country is mobilized to fight, even civilians, whch leads to civilians being targeted by the opponents
How did changes in technology make this war different from all that had come before it
It made the war deadlier due to the use of modern weapons like machine guns, chemical gas, and tanks. These also led to a new style of fighting called trench warfare. The conflict quickly became a stalemate with enormous casualties
How did governments use propaganda to mobilize their populations in World War I?
Propaganda in World War I demonized the enemy and increased the nationalism of the nation, to make people believe their sacrifices were worth it
What was the outcome of World War I and what was the treaty that ended it?
The US joined the war in 1917 and helped Britain and France to win the war. In 1918 the Treaty of Versailles was signed and Germany was greatly punished.
Why was the Great Depression a global depression?
After World War I European nations were reliant on the US for loans to aid their recovery. When the US stock market crashed in 1929, loans to Europe stopped and that led to economic calamity spreading.
How did the US government respond to the Great Depression?
American president Franklin D. Roosevelt started the New Deal. With this plan the US government put people to work on infrastructure projects and introduced government programs to help the retired, elderly, and children. Spending equaled the money spent on WWI.
What did government intervention in the economy look like in the Soviet Union?
Due to World War I, the Soviet economy was devastated. Vladimir Lenin introduced the New Economic Plan which helped. What really changed the economy were the Five Year Plans of Joseph Stalin. Stalin aimed to multiply the Soviet industrial capacity greatly. To feed the new industrial workers Stalin started collectivization of agriculture.
What is an example of the negative effects of Soviet control of the economy under Stalin?
Ukraine was the biggest producer of grain. Stalin’s policies led to a famine there so severe it became a genocide called Holodomor (death by hunger).
What unresolved tension remained in colonized countries following World War I?
Even though colonized people had served in World War, I they were not granted independence. Colonial holdings were maintained and grew following World War I
What was the League of Nations and how did it lead to the expansion of imperialism?
The League of Nations was a new international organization created to help states negotiate their problems instead of going to war. During the Versailles peace conference they created the mandate system, which allowed western nations to act as “caregivers” to states that had been part of the Ottoman Empire or former German colonies until they could rule themselves. However, this was really just a way for these powers to gain more territories
How did Japan expand its imperial holdings after World War I?
In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria to gain access to its resources. When the League of Nations condemned their actions they left the League. Japan continued to aggressively expand, creating what they called “The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.”
How did India respond to British maintaining control over India following World War I?
The Indian National Congress was formed in the late 19th century to gain greater autonomy for Indians. After World War I, under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, their influence grew.
What were the four main causes of World War II?
First, The Treaty of Versailles was a huge let down to Italy who was denied territories they were promised for their participation in the war. The treaty also put huge reparations on Germany and humiliated them by destroying their military and forcing them to take full blame for World War I in the “war guilt clause.”
Second, Imperial aspirations of Japan (mentioned before); Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia; Germany’s reclaiming of territory taken by the treaty under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Third, the Great Depression which hurt economies all over the world.
Fourth, the rise of fascist and totalitarian regimes. In the Soviet Union Communist totalitiarian leader Joseph Stalin; In Italy the creation of the first fascist state under Benito Mussolini; Fascism in Japan; Facism in Germany led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
What is fascism?
Fascism is a far right political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals.
What aggressive steps did Hitler take when he came into office?
He canceled their reparations payments and remilitarized Germany by rearming the Rhineland, and led many campaigns to annex territory throughout Europe.
When did World War II officially begin in Europe?
In 1939 when the Nazis invaded Poland, which led to Britain and France declaring war.
How was World War II similar to World War I?
Both were total wars.
Both were fought between alliances. (World War II: The Axis Powers of Germamy, Italy and Japan; the Allied Powers of Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.)
They both used propaganda to provoke nationalism and define the enemy in order to mobilize people at home and on the battle field.
How did the various governments involved in World War II differ in terms of how they mobilized their states
Fascist states highly nationalistic and were organized so that everything served the interest of the state. This helped with quick mobilization.
The Communist Soviet Union used Stalin’s Five Year Plans to push for everything they needed for the war.
Democratic countries like Great Britain relied on the cooperation of the people to mobilize for war. Massive propaganda campaigns and promises to expand the welfare state were given in exchange for wartime sacrifices to help mobilize the country
How did all states repress the freedoms of their populations during World War II?
After Pearl Harbor, the United States used internment camps for Japanese immigrants, regardless of citizenship.
Germany passed the Nuremberg Laws against Jews, and forced them and others into ghettos and concentration camps.
What were some of the new military technologies and tactics used during World War II?
The use of firebombing urban areas by the Allied forces led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the destruction of cities like Dresden, Germany and Tokyo, Japan.
The use of the atomic bomb, developed by the United States and dropped on two cities in Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killed hundreds of thousands of people and ended the war in the Pacific Theater.
What happened during the Armenian Genocide?
Turkish Nationalism, under the influence of the Young Turks, led to suspicion being cast on the Armenian Christians, who the Turks believed could collude with the Russians in World War I. The Ottoman authorities started a program of mass extermination and forced relocation with death marches. Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed.
What happened during the Holocaust?
German nationalism as projected by the Nazis included the creation of a purified race of Germans. Hitler used his power to kill those who did not fit into his vision. Hitler’s Final Solution was to use indusstrial precision to kill Jews and others who were kept in concentration camps. 6 million Jews and 5 million others in a variety of targeted groups were killed.
How were the causes of the Holocaust similar to other ways western nations used race after 1450?
They were similar to the Casta System in Spanish America and also had a healthy dose of Social Darwinsim from the 19th century.
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