KIN131: L2 Generalized Cell

plasma membrane

phosopholipids bilayer of cell membranes

components of phospholipids and there function

selectively permeable

structural foundation of the plasma membrane and regulate vital cellular processes

Polar head (hydrophilic) and non-polar tails (hydrophobic)

simple diffusion

solutes directly through phospholipid bilayer

osmosis

diffusion of water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin)

facilitated diffusion

diffusion through a channel protein - ions selected on basis of size and charge

Faciliatated diffusion

protein carrier specific for one chemical - binding substrate causes shape change in transport protein

active membrane transport

cellular process of moving substances against there concentration and electriochemical gradient - requires cellular energy

endocytosis

engulfing (taking up) of substances in the extracecellular environment by enclosing them in a vesicle

exocytosis

ejection (secretion) of substances (hormones, cellular debris, waste, etc) from the cell

how does exocytosis work within a cell

the product is packaged into a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane and the contents are released to the exterior of the cell

cytoplasm

outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane

cytosal

fluid that suspends other energy, largely composed of water

energy substrates

commonly stored nutrient products that float in the cytosol (Ex: lipid droplets, glycogen granules)

organelles (in the cytoplasm)

the metabolic machinery of the cell, each organelle has a specific function

nucleus

the control center of the cell - contains DNA, which has genes that codes for proteins - held together by nuclear pore

chromatin

complex double membraned mixture of DNA, RNA, and proteins found inside the nucleus - contains genetic material

mitochondria

power house

double membraned

space between is highly acidic - highly metabolic cell

greater surface area

supply most ATP used for cellular activity

ribosomes

made of protein and rRNA

free floating or bound to RER

site of protein syntheis (translation)

messenger RNA codes for protein

cytoskeleton

not an organelle

determines the cell shape, supports organelles, provides machinery for intracellular transport

3 network of proteins: microfilaments, intermediate microtubules, mircrotubules

microfilaments

made of a protein called Gactive - pulmonize (help to give cell its shape)

intermediate filaments

protein - fibrous units tied together

made of carition, dezmine, and lamine

movement of fluid

microtubules

polymor of tubulin proteins

determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles

golgi apparatus

cell organelles that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell

lysosomes

membrane bound cells organelles that act as the digestive system and waste disposal units of eukaryotic cells

peroxisomes

small, membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm - break down fatty acids and neutralize toxic substances

endoplasmic reticulum

large network of organelles - make, package, and transport vital materials (proteins)

rough endoplasmic (RER)

makes and helps fold protein

how it works - build proteins and the rough ER fixes them up before sending them where they need to go

smooth endoplasmic (SER)

it makes lipids (fats), oils, and steroid hormones

detoxifies chemicals and poisons in liver cells, and it stores calcium ions for muscle cells