Zoology Q11

How many chambers do amphibian hearts have?

3

How many ventricles do amphibian hearts have?

1

How many atria do amphibian hearts have?

2

Amphibians breath in via ________ pressure. 

Positive (Force air into the lungs to inflate them)

Systemic circulation:

Heart, body

Pulmocutaneous circulation:

Lungs, skin, heart 

How many cervical vertebrae do amphibians have?

1, atlas (only up and down movement)

Amphibians have ribcages.

False

Terrestrial amphibian adults excrete:

Urea 

Aquatic amphibian larvae excrete:

Ammonia 

What is the function of vomerine teeth?

Holding prey to prevent it from escaping, so the frog can swallow it.  

Which mouth feature leads to the lungs?

Glottis 

What is unusual about frog lungs?

They are hollow.

The pancreas produces …

Enzymes, for digestion

The urinary bladder & large intestine ends at the…

Cloaca

Which organ produces bile?

Liver

Which organ stores bile?

Gallbladder

What are hurdles of terrestrial environments? 

• Drastic temperature variation

• Solar radiation

• No buoyancy

• Dessication

What are positives of terrestrial environments? 

• 20x more oxygen in air

• Varied habitats

• Unexploited food source

• No big predators (yet)

What chordate features do Myxini & Petromyzontida have as embryos?

Post-anal tail  Pharyngeal pouch Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Thyroid gland 

What are some adaptations for living on land?

• Complex lungs

• Limbs to support body weight

• Sense organs to detect airborne sounds / movement (ears, nostrils)

How amphibian adults respire?

Skin + lungs

How amphibian larva respire?

Gills

Define amplexus.

The amphibian mating stance (described as a hug from behind)

Which is an example of Anura?

Frogs and toads

Which is an example of Apoda?

Caecelians 

Which is an example of Urodela?

Salamanders and newts

How does the amniotic egg link mammals to reptile ancestors?

It is a structure from when common reptile ancestors laid eggs.

Which is true about Gorgonopsid teeth? 

All of the above

Which describes heterodont teeth?

• specialized shapes

• for chewing

• not replaceable

Which describes homodont teeth?

• repeating conical, peg shapes 

• for biting 

• replaceable 

Why do we think Thrinaxodon may have had hair or similar structures?

• Pits on the skull that suggest whiskers

• To help with navigating burrows and darkness

What is one similarity between mammal and reptile skin?

Both have dead skin layers to prevent desiccation.

What is one difference between mammal and reptile skin?

Both are true.

What is the function of the EDA gene?

Both are true. 

How many ear bones do reptiles have?

1, the stapes

How many ear bones do mammals have?

3, the stapes, incus and malleus

How did the jaw bones become ear bones?

Jaw joints, first located in the back of the jaw, turned into the incus and malleus. 

Why did Hadrocodium develop a large brain?

They needed a large brain to process their surroundings in the dark, to avoid dinosaurs