Joints & Muscles

Sutures

________ in the skull are fibrous joints.

Fibrous Joints (synarthroses)

collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring the bones in place

Cartilaginous Joints (amphiarthroses)

joined by cartilage and are slightly movable

Synovial Joints (diarthroses)

freely movable; most numerous and versatile

Joint capsule

sheet of connective tissue, goes from periosteum of one bone to the other

Synovial membrane

moist, slippery membrane lines the inside of the joint capsule where it secretes synovial fluid

Joint cavity

small space between bones to allow for movement

Synovial fluid

viscous fluid, like an egg white, that lubricates, nourishes the cartilage, and contains phagocytes to remove debris

Articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bones surface, helps prevent friction

Ball-and-Socket Joint

widest range of motion

Pivot

a projection from one bone articulates with a ring-shaped socket

Hinge

only allow back and forth movement

Saddle

surfaces of both bones are shaped like a saddle; allows movement back and forth and side to side (limited)

Condyloid

oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another; allows flexion and extension and side to side

Gliding (plane)

two bone surfaces slide over each other; least movable of all the joint

Flexion

decreases the angle between the joint

Extension

increasing the angle between the joint

Dorsiflexion

moving the toes or foot upward

Plantar Flexion

moving the toes or foot downward

Abduction

movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement of a body part toward the midline

Circumduction

distal end of an appendage moves in a circle

Internal rotation

bone spins toward the bodys midline

External rotation

bone spins away from the bodys midline

Supination

palm upward

Pronation

palm downward

Inversion

foot movement that turns sole medially

Eversion

foot movement that turns sole laterally

Protraction

moves a part forward

Retraction

moves a part backward

Osteoarthritis

most common

Rheumatoid

autoimmune disease

Active ROM

the patient is able to perform the movements

Passive ROM

movement provided by an outside source