Chapter 5_Privacy and Civil Liberties

Latin,

privatus

Privacy derived from the _____ word _____

Privacy

refers to the state of being free from unauthorized observation or intrusion

Tavani

Views on Privacy by _____

Accessibility privacy,

Decisional privacy,

Informational privacy

Views on Privacy (3)

Accessibility privacy

One's physically being let alone, or being free from intrusion into one's physical space

Decisional privacy

Freedom from interference in one's choices and decisions

Informational privacy

Control over the flow of one's personal information, including the transfer and exchange of that information

Edward Snowden

said “Arguing that you don’t care about privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don’t care about free speech because you have nothing to say.”

Governments

• currently have tools that enable them to collect information about civilians

• are not the only actors capable of privacy violations

civilians

can also buy equipment from around the world to track individuals

1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The reference point for the protection of privacy has generally been the _____, although not all countries voted in favor of it for various reasons

Privacy and the Law

"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy."

Protection of Personal Information Act (PoPI),

General Information Protection Principles (GIPP),

EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Data Protection Laws (3)

Protection of Personal Information Act (PoPI)

• Sets conditions for how personal information may be processed;

• signed by the President,

• is law

Information Regulator

runs Protection of Personal Information Act (PoPI)

General Information Protection Principles (GIPP)

Applies in South Africa to those who process personal information (generally, anyone with customers, partners, or staff whose personal information is stored)

EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Approved in April 2016 and officially enforced from 25 May 2018; a major policy change intended to harmonize data privacy laws throughout Europe

Data sharing

• The practice of making data available to others (individuals, organizations, or systems) for purposes such as analysis, collaboration, research, or decision-making;

• involves providing access to specific datasets, either directly or through a controlled mechanism, to authorized users or entities

Browser Privacy Defaults

• By default, many browsers (e.g., Opera) allow privacy invasions, such as saved payment methods and monitoring which features of the browser are being used, i.e., tracking user behavior

• these are common default settings across other browsers and software as well

Cookie Consent Messages

Differ in how they describe what they do with user data and in how they entice users to accept cookies

The Cloud

Essentially a large number of servers and storage disks that present themselves to the user as a single entity

Data Centers

The Cloud's devices are physically located at one or more sites known as _____

cloud-based services

Most organizations providing _____ have only a few data centers across the globe, which creates transnational privacy law issues

Users

_____ have grown used to the idea that information and apps from the web are, or ought to be, "free," much like getting good deals or discounts in a supermarket

companies

One does not typically pay to use a search engine, read the news online, download games, or install chat software, yet someone has paid for the development of these tools and _____ still find ways to profit

Typical Business Model

Exploit the data users provide to improve advertising (advertisers pay these companies) or sell the data to other companies on the data market

Smartphone Tracking

More than 70% of mobile apps report personal data to tracking companies such as Google Analytics and the Facebook Graph API, effectively creating a "smartphone panopticon"

speed of the Internet

The ____ often leads to rapid online acquaintances and friendships, but users don't really know who these people are or what they are like in real life

the system

There is a high probability that "_____" is gathering this information for direct marketing purposes

Spam

• Unsolicited bulk e-mail;

• if received, don't take the sender up on the offer, and don't bother replying with "REMOVE" or following the (likely bogus) unsubscribe instructions given

"side," pseudonymous,

alternate account

When mailing unknown parties, posting to newsgroups, mailing lists, or chat rooms, or publishing a web page with your e-mail address, it is best to use a _____ or _____, and reserve your main address for small, members-only lists and known, trusted individuals

credit card number

Never submit a ______ or other highly sensitive personal information without first making sure the connection is secure (encrypted)

Other Privacy Threats

Threats besides abusive marketers, nosy bosses, spammers, and scammers include industrial espionage, government surveillance, identity theft, disgruntled former associates, and system crackers

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

Relatively easy-to-use e-mail and file encryption software, available for free, that runs on almost all computers and integrates seamlessly with most major e-mail software

Freedom of Expression

• A class of rights that exists so that individuals are able to make their opinions heard and hear the opinions of others;

• characteristic of democracies and generally extends to numerous forms of expression, including films, books, and expressions through actions such as vigils or burning a flag, which are generally protected

Discussion

questions raised for reflection:

1.   What privacy issue/s were experienced by you in your various e-activities?

2.   What can be done to prevent future occurrences of the incident?