Points: introduce the reader to supernatural/religious themes; consequence of avarice; torment; allegory; first apparition; setting the stage; regret; Dickens' message to middle/business class readership

p f I d’t k h m y

a t b n

Marley’s Ghost is the first apparition who appears to Scrooge. He warns Scrooge that if he does not change his ways he too will experience the damning consequences of his sinful behaviour in the afterlife. Dickens establishes the friendship between Scrooge and Marley from the opening of the novella. The narrator says that they were “partners for I don’t know how many years” which highlights to the reader that they have a time-honoured relationship. He develops this further by likening their characters, revealing that Scrooge “answered to both names”. Therefore, it can be argued that Marley’s characterisation reflects onto Scrooge. As a result, the descriptions of his isolation and suffering inform the reader about Scrooge’s fate if he doesn’t take action and repent.

h… b T S

Marley’s character is also important as he outlines the structure of the novella. He warns Scrooge that he will not be the only Ghost to visit, informing him that he will be “haunted…by Three Spirits”. He goes on to tell him to “Expect the first to-morrow, when the bell tolls One”. This establishes a timeline of events which adds a sense of structure to the chaotic supernatural events that Scrooge experiences, informing both the reader and Scrooge of what to expect from the novella. This could be interpreted as a dramatic technique, as readers expect and anticipate upcoming events which increases the tension.

n r, n p. I t o r

Marley’s Ghost can be seen as a physical representation of the Christian belief system of heaven and hell and the importance of repentance and redemption. He is shown by Dickens to be in purgatory, a state of limbo in between death and heaven where the souls of sinners go until they have repented their sins and can go to heaven. Purgatory is a place of immense suffering and “no rest, no peace. Incessant torture of remorse”. The two short and simple sentences create a sense of tension by increasing the pace. In addition, it mirrors the trapped and claustrophobic feelings Marley is experiencing in purgatory. Furthermore, Dickens subverts the rule of three in the first sentence. By stopping after two clauses Dickens leaves the sentence feeling unfinished, causing the reader to feel uncomfortable. This may perhaps be to mirror Scrooge’s uncomfortable feelings towards the ghost, allowing the reader to empathise with his character.

m o c b, k, p, l, d

c [h] f i l

The suffering Marley is facing is shown by Dickens to be a direct consequence of his attitude towards people during his life. His Ghost is described as having chains “made of cash boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds”; this list of items are all connected with his job. Indeed, Dickens clarifies that these are the “chains [he] forged in life”, reinforcing the idea that he is suffering due to his own actions.

l, a w a h l a t

The fact Marley has clearly caused his own suffering would perhaps cause the reader to view his character unsympathetically. This lack of sympathy is furthered by the animalistic imagery used by Dickens to describe the chain which is “long, and wound about him like a tail”. The simile “like a tale” dehumanises Marley and the reptilian image created is repulsive to the reader which prevents the reader from sympathising with him. Furthermore, it presents the idea that his sins are suffocating him and are having visually detrimental effects on his humanity.

O M w d

Marley’s Ghost has multiple purposes within the novella. Firstly, Dickens uses his character to introduce the reader to religious and supernatural themes. He is the first Ghost to appear to Scrooge, an arrival which is made more dramatic by the narrator's repeated assertions that “Old Marley was dead”. This heightens the impact of the supernatural theme as it is unexpected. He also establishes the concept of religious justice, as Dickens presents the idea of accountability through his character.

h s e, h s a, h s a, h s r l, h s f, a s m

The relationship between Scrooge and Marley is the only relationship of Marley’s that the reader is made aware of. Dickens writes that Scrooge was “his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend, and sole mourner”. The repetition of “sole” highlights Marley’s isolation and dependence on Scrooge, while the possessive pronoun “his” illustrates how Marley was equally as important to Scrooge. This emphasises how vital their companionship was to each other. Dickens may be trying to portray the idea that even miserly old men like Scrooge need companionship in life. Despite the fact that their relationship may be perceived as dysfunctional, Scrooge was never completely alone until after Marley’’s death.