Unit 1 Flashcards

foundations of anatomy and physiology

anatomy

the structure of body parts

physiology

the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it

the structure determines the function

how do anatomy and physiology relate?

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

What are the ten characteristics of living things?

movement

self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts

responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react to them

growth

increase in body size

reproduction

parents produce offspring / passing new DNA to new individuals

respiration

Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

digestion

Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes

absorption

Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids

circulation

Movement of substances throughout the body

assimilation

Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances

excretion

removal of wastes

subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

what are the different levels of organization?

subatomic particles

electrons, protons, neutrons

atom

tiny particles that form everything, hydrogen atom

molecule

atoms bound together, water molecule

macromolecule

small molecules combined, protein molecule, DNA molecule

organelle

structures in cells, mitochondrion, golgi aparatus, nucleus

cell

basic unit of structure and function, muscle cell, nerve cell

tissue

groups of cells, simple squamous, epithelium, loose connective tissue

organ

groups of tissues working together, skin, femur, heart, kidney

organ system

groups of organs working together, skeletal system, digestive system

organism

interacting organ system, human

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

what are the five environmental factors that life depends on?

metabolism

the physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy

without metabolism, we couldn’t perform life’s functions (no energy)

why is metabolism important?

homeostasis

monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

receptors

provide information about stimuli

control center

tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

effectors

elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment (muscles, glands)

positive feedback loop

amplifies initial stimulus

positive feedback loop example

when a baby drinks milk from the mother, the nerves stimulate the pituitary gland which produces more prolactin, and in turn, more milk

negative feedback loop

outcomes of a system go back in, counteracts change

negative feedback loop example

when you sweat, you drink more water to hydrate the body

anatomical position

standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward

superior (cranial)

towards the head

inferior (cuadal)

toward the bottom

anterior (ventral)

toward the front

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

toward the side of the body

internal (deep)

away from the surface of the body

external (superficial)

toward the surface of the body

proximal

toward the main mass of the body

distal

away from the main mass of the body

visceral

related to internal organs

parietal

related to the body walls

sagittal

left and right

transverse

top and bottom

frontal

front and back

axial skeleton

head, neck, trunk

appendicular skeleton

arms and legs

cranial cavity

head

dorsal cavity

fluid filled space which surrounds the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates, usually considered as two semi-separate spaces, the *cranial cavity* and the *spinal cavity*,

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column

thoracic cavity

contains cardiovascular system (heart)

ventral body cavity

contains abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity

superior mediastinum

center of the thoracic cavity, at the top, close to the neck

pleural cavity

empty space around each lung

pericardial cavity

the cavity surrounding your heart

abdominal

the region between the thorax and pelvis

acromial

the point of the shoulder

antebrachial

the forearm

antecubital

the space in front of the elbow

axillary

the armpit

brachial

the arm

buccal

the cheek

carpal

the wrist

celiac

the abdomen

cephalic

the head

cervical

the neck

costal

the ribs

coxal

the hips

crural

the leg

cubital

the elbow

digital

the finger or toe

dorsal

the back

femoral

the thigh

frontal

the forehead

genital

the reproductive organs

gluteal

the buttocks

inguinal

the groin

lumbar

the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis

mammary

the breast

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

the lower posterior region of the head

oral

the mouth

orbital

the eye cavity

otic

the ear

palmar

the palm of the hand

patellar

the front of the knee

pectoral

the chest

pedal

the foot

pelvic

the pelvis

perineal

the region between the anus and external reproductive organs

plantar

the sole of the foot

popliteal

the area behind the knee