Psych

Scientific theory

Explanation of large number of finding in natural world to identify patterns

Introspection

Measure students on basic measure; such as, how they perceive the same object differently

What does the Intropspection requires

Trained observer to note down every mental experience

Structuralism

Identify a basic element or certain structure of psychological experience

Functionalism (William James)

The question the purpose of the element: “Why do we behave this way?”

Behaviorism

Learning and understanding the general principle of both human and animal physical behavior

Cognitivism

Notes the internal process involved in thinking or behaving

Psychoanalysis

Focuses on unscious mind process

What are the example of psychoanalysis

Impulses, memories, etc.

What is Psychology?

Scientific study of mind, brain, and behavior

Materialism

Belief only thinking/reasoning/consciousness is part of bodily behavior

Willhelm Wundt

Father of the psychology

Gestalt Psychology

They observe the whole situation/environment instead of categorizing it.

Levels of Analysis

Biological, Psychologist, Social

Biological Level of Analysis

Looks at physical and chemical parts of the body that shape behavior

Psychological Level of Analysis

Individuals internal mental process. Cognition, emotions, and personality.

Social Level of Analysis

The environmental leels looks at how outside surrounding and other people affects action.

Scientific Skeptism

Approach in psychology where they evaluate all claims with open mind but find a persuasive reason before accepting the claim

6 principles of scientific Thinking

Ruiling out rival hypothesis, correlation vs. causation, Falsifiability, Replicability, Extraordinary claims, and Generalizability.

what are ruiling out rival hypothesis

Considering an alternative explanation for the finding that has been found

Correlation vs. Causation

Can we make sure that A causes B?

Falsifiability

Can the claim be disproven

Replicability

Can the result be duplicated

Generalizability

Do these finding and conclusion reflect the dversity of human experience?

Correlation-causation fallacy

Thinking that if two variable appears multiple times, we also assume that they are being caused by one another without questioning whether thats truthful

Decline Effect

psychological finding that could’ve been useful significant but over time, the effect of the finding shrinks

Intuitive thinking (System 1)

Reflex thinking that makes you feel like you are in autopilot

Analytical thinking (System 2)

slow and reflective thinking that occurs when we are solving an challenging problem.

Heuristic

mental shortcut that makes sense of the world whether its right ot not

Random selection

Randomly selecting people from a random crowd of people.

Reliability

consistency of measurement.

Interrater reliability

Different observers or interviewers come to agreement on their characteristics they are measuring.

Validity

Measure what it claims to measure.

Which one of the experiment are valid?

When we are measuring the introvertism through the amount of times they are getting out of their houses.

Naturalistic Observation

researchers watch participants behavior in the real-world setting without any interferance

What are the advantages of naturalistic observation

External validity

External validity

Whether the research are relevant to the real world

Internal Validity

the study can draw the cause and effect relationship

Advantage of self report

Can measure several characteristics at once. Cheap and easy.

Disadvantage of self report

The participants aren’t always aware of their personality/internal emotions. They also assumes that participants are honest about responses.

Advantages Case studies

Can provide existence proof. Allows us to study rare unsual phenomenan. Can offer insight of later systematic testing.

What are case studies

Examination of single person, small groups, or rare event that happens in the real world

Disadvantages of case studies

They dont have causation

Random Assignments

We make the experimenters randomly sort participants into one of two groups (control and experiment)

Independent variable

The variable that are being manipulated by experimenters

Dependent variable

what the eperiment measure fromt he manipulated variable.

Placebo effect

Believing that you’ve improved by just getting the treatment.

What are examples of placebo effect?

Drinking the not real drugs for schizophrenia, and thinking your schizophrenia disappears

Blind

Participants finding out which group (experimental group or control group) that they are in

What happens if the blind is broken?

Experimental group may improve more than actual. Control group may realse they are receing placebo effect, and try to beat the experimental

Double blind

Neither the researcher/experiment paritcipants know whcih one is the experimental group

Experimenters Expectancy Effect

The reserachers hpothesis leads them to unintentionally biased to study’s outcome

Informed Consent

Researchers must tell subjects what they’re getting before asking them to participate

Descriptive Statistics

Summarize the specific patterns with simple percentage or overall stats. Describe the data

Inferential Satatistics

Create an inference with small group of people about how this significant finding can be applied to the other people.

How does descriptive statistics show their data

Media, mean, and mode

p-values

Showing the probability for the general public to apply with this finding.

Sharpening

Tendency to exagerate the gist or central message

Leveling

Tendency to minimize the central data of the study/central details of study

Construct validity

how welll you define variable

Pavlovian Conditioning

A form of learning of which animal come to respond to a previous stimuli that had been paried with another stimuli that turn on the automatic response

What were the method of Pavlov Classical Conditioning

Pavlov placed a dog in a harness and inserted a cannula into the salvary glant. They study the digestive system’s response to meatpowder and the neutral stimuli that were developed into conditioned stimuli.

How does classical conditining works

When the neutral stimuli is repeadetly paired with unconditioned stimulus that elicit their automatic system. The slowly the neutral stimuli becomes the conditioned stimuli that causes conditioned response.

Unconditioned stimulus

That elicite the automatic response (meat powder)

Unconditioned Reponse

Automatic natural response from the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response

Response that are associated with a nonneutral stimulus that became triggered after repetition

Conditioned stimuli

neutral stimuli that started to trigger the UCR without the UCS

Neutral stimulus

The triggering object that are pair with unconditioned stimulus

What are the major principles of classical conditioning

Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

Acquisition

We gradually learn the CR. Closer the time in pairing of CS and UCS, the faster learning occurs with about a half-second dely.

Extinction

The CR in megnitude and eventually disappear when CS repeadetly presented alone.

Spontaneous Recover

a seeming extinct CR reapppears. CR reappears within few hours or even days after they stopped doing.

Renewal Effect

When the CR happens again when they are placed in a setting that they’ve acquired

What are the examples of renewal effect

When they thought they’ve overcame from their phobia of rollercoaster, but when they went back to the amusement part they;ve gotten phobia from. Her heart beat starts racing again.

Stimulus Generalization

When the participants/animals react to a similar CS, and elicit the CR.

Stimulus Discrimination

Ability to respond differently to a specific cues while ignoring other simlar cues.

Higher order conditioning

A type of learning where you start to associate new things with sething you’ve already learned. Adding the second CS into the experiment, that also reacts the CR.

Watson Experiment

They explained phobia is stemmmed from deep seated conflicts burried with unconscious. Used Little Albert and shocked him everytime little Albert touched the white rat. After multiple rounds, Little Albert showed discomfort and phobia-like symptoms infront of any white fluffy stuff.

Operant Conditioning

Utilizes punishment/reward to voluntary change their behavior

What are the difference between operant and conditioning?

Operant utilizes rewards as dependent variable, while conditioning utilizes as independent ariable. Classical pulls out UCR by UCS; but operant trains the behavior.

Law of Effect

Any behavior that is positive or anything that leads to a positive outcome, we are more likely to be repeated when that situation is repeated.

Skinner Box

Electronically records a small nonhuman species and prins out he group. This box has a bar that delivers food when pressed a fod dispenser and light that shows that reward is coming.

Positive Reinforcement

Strengthen the probability of behaivior by giving you a treat.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing the stimulus intending to increase the positive habit

How are the strength of response like between secondary and primary CS.

Secondary are much weaker than primary CS.

What are the example of negative reinforcement of safe driving

You put a buzzer that activates when you did not put around the seatbelt. In order to remove the sound of the buzzer, you put the seatbelt on.

Punishment

Any outcome that weakens the probability of response

Positive Punishment

Giving a stimulus that are hoping to decrease your habit.

What are the example of positive punishment in terms of driving a car

Giving a speeding ticket when you are speeding

Negative Punishment

Takes away something to weaken the probability of respose

What are the example of negative punishment?

Taking away their toys if they are unsafely driving.

Fixed Ratio

Reinforce after regular number of response.

Variable Ratio

Provide reinforcement after a specific number but the participants don’t know. Basically random.

Fixed Interval

Reinforce for producing at least 1 of a specific behavior with the given time.

What are the examples of fixed interval?

Getting paid every friday, regardless of how many clock you create. You just have to create at least one clock.

Variable Interval Schedule

We provide reward in a specific time period, but its random.

Shaping

We slowly reinforce behavior that are relatively similar to our desirable behavior.

Give an example of shaping in terms of headstand.

Starting the headstand with going to the gym class and reinforcing the behavior. Then make them to a hands on the mat, then forearm on the mat. Then lastly, lifting legs.

Superstitious

Believing luck, magic, or unlinked events can change the future even if there are no scientific proof.

Secondary Reinforcers

Neutral object that ties with primary reinforcers