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What is a robot (or autonomous system)?

Powered mechanism, programmable in two or more axes, with a certain degree of autonomy, which moves within its environment to perform specific tasks

What types of robots are there?

Stationary (fixed position or location)

Mobile (can move in an environment)

What is Locomotion?

Ability of mobile robots to move

Pros and Cons to considering ethics in the development process of robots

Pros:
Humans first
Prevention of Harm (x)
Reduction of Biases (x)
Increase in Trust and Adoption (↑)
Improving public benefits (↑)

Cons:
Technological limitations
Functional limitations
Manipulation and misuse (b)
Time and cost constraints (b)
Complexity in Defining Ethics (e)
Ethical Design Iteration (e)

What type of reasons and topics can be addressed with ethical considerations in robotics?

R S R

• Autonomous Decision Making

• Social Acceptance

• Regulation & Governance

Asimov "robotics laws"

1. A robot must not injure a human or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.

2. A robot must obey the commands of humans unless those commands conflict with the first law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as this protection does not contradict the 1st or 2nd law.

What is autonomy?

Ability to perform tasks based on the current status and sensors without human intervention

Variations of Mobile Robots

Type of Application

• Industry

• Sevice

Type of Drive system

• Legs

• Wheels

• Aerial

• other

Type of Location

• Indoor

• Outdoor

What is mobile manipulation robot?

A robotic system equipped with both mobility and manipulation capabilities

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What is Philosophy?

broad field of study that explores fundamental topics about nature of reality, existence, knowledge and truth, morality

Name philosophy branches

MELAPE
Metaphysics (What is real?)

Epistemology (How do we know?) (Ex. Fake news)

Logic (How do we reason?)

Aesthetics (What is beauty?)

Political Philosophy (How should societies be governed?)

Ethics (What is right?)

What is ethics?

The study of right and wrong guiding how individuals and societies should behave

What is morals?

Personal beliefs about right and wrong

Major ethical theories with explanations

MADN

Meta Ethics
(questions the nature of ethical properties and judgements)

Applied Ethics
(involves examining specific controversial issues through an ethical lens)

Descriptive Ethics
(the empirical study of describing people's moral beliefs and practices)

Normative Ethics
(the study of ethical action; focusing on the criteria for what is morally right or wrong)

Ethical Frameworks
(structured approaches for analyzing and making ethical decisions)

VUDCEE

Virtue Ethics
(building good character through virtues)

Utilitarianism Ethics
(actions evaluated based on their ability to maximize overall happiness)

Deontological Ethics
(actions are right or wrong in themselves, not based on outcomes)

Consequentialism Ethics
(focuses on the consequences of actions)

Ethics of Care
(emphasizes the importance of personal relationships in moral thinking)

Ethics of Risk
(deals with the evaluation and management of risks that affect individuals or groups)

Ethical Decision-Making Frameworks

Blanchard-Peale Framework
Is it legal? → Is it fair? → How does it make me feel?

Markkula model
Recognize an Ethical Issue →
Gather the Relevant Facts →
Evaluate Alternatives →
Make a Decision and Test It →
Act and Reflect on the Outcome

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Autonomy Hardware

Mechanical System

• Frame & Structure

• Joints & Linkages

• Motors & Actuators

• Transmission Systems

• End Effectors

Sensor System

• Camera

• Radar

• LiDAR

• Artificial Skin

• Touch Sensors

Actuator System

• Legs

• Wheels

• Manipulator

• Propeller

• Soft Robots

• Other

Autonomy Software

Environment Perception

• Mapping

• Localization

• Detection

Planning

• Global

• Behavior

• Local

Control

What is Robotics 2.0?

Robotics 1.0

Sensors → Perception → Planning → Control → Actuators

Robotics 2.0

improve the robot actions based on data (Sensors → AI → Actuators)

What is machine learning ML?

Subset of AI that uses statistical techniques so machines can “learn” from data without being explicitly programmed for every rule

What is deep learning DL?

Area that mimics neurons in the brain and recognize complex patterns in data

ML and DL Methods

• Supervised Learning

• Unsupervised Learning

• Reinforcement Learning

What is Artificial intelligence (AI)?

Multidisciplinary field of science that aims to create intelligent machines

What is Intelligence?

Collective term in psychology for a person's cognitive abilities