Biological molecules(study harder here)

what are the six steps of the scientific method:

choices: experiment, conclusion, question, results, observation, hypothesis

observation

question

hypothesis

experiment

results

conclusions

what are the three importnat things with writing a hypothesis

-hypothesis must be formed as a statement, not a question

-use the phrase if, then, because

a hypothesis must be testable/measurable

what are the four biological molecules

-proteins

-carbohydrates

-lipids

-nucleic acids

are considered macromolecules

what are the monomers of proteins

amino acids

what is a dehydration reaction

the formation of two peptides and the removal of water

what are the monomers of carbohydrates, give examples, and what is the bonds between the carbs called

monosacchardies such as

glucose, galactose or fructose

glycosidic bond

what are examples of disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

what are examples of polysaccharides and what are there functions

starch-plant storage, glycogen-animal storage

lipids consist of a…

hydrophillic head made of glycerol

2 long hydrophobic hcains called fatty acids

what is it called when lipids bind together

an ester bond

what are nucleic acid made of and what is it called when nucleic acids bind together

-phosphate group

-pentose sugar

nitrogenous base

a phosphodiester bond

what is the monomer of lipid

fatty acids sometiems glycerol too

what is electronegativity and what are dipole moments

the tendency to pull electrons closer to it’s nucleus than other atoms

the slight positive/negative charge on an atom

what is a polar molecule and what is a nonpolar molecule

polar: the unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar: the equal sharing of electrons

what does polarity being a sliding scale mean

molecules are incredibly varied and can become more or less polar

how does charge effect solubility

the more charged an ion is, the more soluble it will be in a polar solvent

how do you test for a lipid using Sudan four, indicate what a positive and negative test would look like

interacts with fatty acid chains of lipids,

when sudan 4 binds to lipids, it' produces a red-orange color (positibe test)

no hydrophobic parts=it will only bind to polar compounds like water, no color change (negative test)

how do you test for carbohydrates

the benedicts test

detects reducing sugars

it turns green, yellow, orange, or red when heated with a reducing sugar

extra: this happens by reducing sugars cause a reduction in the reagant, causing color change

how do you test for proteins

biuret asssay

detects peptide bonds in proteins

when the biuret reagent combines with peptide bonds, it forms a violet-color complex indicating protein presence

what is absorbance -what does a high absorbance mean

measurement of how much light a sample absorbs

higher absorbance=less light passes through

what does transmittance mean and what does high transmittance mean

measurement of how much light passes directly thorugh a sample

higher transmittance=more light passes through and less absorbance

light that isn’t absorbed is either ____ or ____ ____

transmitted through the substance

reflected back

what is the lambda max and why is it importance

teh wavelength at which a substance absorbs the most light

ensures the maximum sensiity + accuracy when quantifying substances

what does a positive and negative result look like in the benedicts test

positive: color change to green, yellow, orange, or brick red(depends on sugar concentration

negative: stays at homogenous blue solution