AP US History- Princeton Review

The crop that was most important to native peoples in the Pre- Colombian Era

maize

Examples of Native American groups before Spanish settlement in the Americas

• Pueblo People (desert southwest)

• Chinook People (Pacific Northwest)

• Plains Tribes (nomads)

• Iroquois + Algonquian (along Atlantic Ocean)

Who marked the beginning of the Contact Period

Christopher Colombus in 1492

Spanish power in the New World

• conquistadors

• encomienda system: labor granted in exchange for conversion

• Spanish mission system

  • Juan de Onate

  • mass conversions - violent and nonviolent, including intermarriage between spanish and french

• Spanish Armanda

Columbian exchange

• the exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and ideas

• smallpox

• note: Native Americans were more technologically advanced in navigation specifically: it is smallpox which wiped out most populations NOT technological differences

Intercontinental Trade in the New World

• joint-stock companies

  • British East India Company

  • Dutch East India Company

  • Virginia Company (Jamestown)

• settled + developed lands

• Native American conflict: Juan de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas

  • promoted different treatments; but European superiority was universal

Early enslaved peoples

• Maroon people - example of a group able to escape slavery and form cultural enclaves

• Uprisings were common- Haitian Revolution

Jamestown

• virginia company

• Captain John Smith led through “the starving time”

  • survivor John Rolfe marries Pocahontas

• tobacco

indentured servitude

• in return for free passage, 7 years of labor

• recieved small piece of property

  • also led to rights to survive, and sometimes to vote

• almost half indentured servants died before reaching the end of their 7 years

headright system (1618)

• tracts of land (50 acres) granted to colonists to address labor shortage

House of Burgesses (1619)

• property-holding white men could vote

• introduced slavery to the English colonies

Edict of Nantes (1598)

granted French Huguenots (Protestants) rights in a Catholic nation (religious tolerance)

Interaction with Native Americans

• Spain: conversion and colonization

• France: somewhat friendly, tending to ally and adopt practices

• Netherlands: trading system, Dutch settlements in New Amsterdam

• England: attempted to exclude Native Americans, launched wars of extermination (example: Powhatan Confederacy destruction in 1640)

Massachusetts Bay Company and the Mayflower Compact

• civil body politic

• legal system

• POWER COMES FROM THE PEOPLE NOT GOD

Squanto

translator for the pilgrims

John Winthrop

• city upon a hill- American exceptionalism

Examples of early religious intolerance

• Roger Williams - banished for advocating separation of church and state

• Anne Hutchinson- banished for saying anything as a woman, also advocated for God’s grace vs. moral law determining elect

New England vs. Chesapeake

• New England had families, less labor = less enslaved peoples and more population

• Chesapeake was more single men, more labor = more enslaved and less familial population and community

Act of Toleration (1649)

religious freedom of most Christians to help stave off massive religious conflict in Maryland

William Penn

• Quaker who was granted Pennsylvania

• liberal policies for religious freedom and civil liberties

• attempted to treat Native Americans nicer

Reasons for the founding of certain colonies

• Virginia (1607): economic gain

• Plymouth (1620): religious freedom

• Massachusetts (1629): religious freedom

• Marlyand (1633): religious differences within

• Connecticut (1636): religious differences within

• Rhode Island (1636): religious freedom

• New York (1664): siezed from Dutch

• New Jersey (1664): siezed from Dutch

• Delaware (1664): siezed from Dutch

• Pennsylvania (1682): religious freedom

• Georgia (1732): buffer colony/debtors prison

  • of note: north and south carolina were proprietary colonies

Native American conflicts early

• Powhatan Wars (1610-1677): territorial disputes, land reservations given

• Pequot War (1636-1638): Pequots attacked a settlement in Wakefield, response was the burning of the main Pequot village and the murder of about 400 Pequot people

• Beaver Wars (1628-1701): Iroquois fought with Algonquian tribes for fur and fishing rights

• King Philip’s War (1675-1678): Metacomet and the Wampanogs attacked settlements against “praying towns”

• Pueblo Revolt (1680): successful revolt against the Spanish until later return

• Chickasaw Wars (1721-1763): control over land around the Mississippi River vs the Choctaw

Middle Passage

• passage through the middle of the triangular trade route to getting enslaved to the Americas

• brutally inhuman and cruel

• not banned officially until 1808

Main crops which were produced by enslaved peoples in the New World

• indigo

• tobacco

• rice

Mercantilism

• economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade with ahrd currency

• led to protective tarriffs

Navigation Acts

• 1651-1673

• required colonists to buy/sell to england only

• prohibited the colonies to only producing certain goods

Wool Act of 1699

• forbade the export and import of wool to and from American colonies

Molasses Act of 1733

• tax on the importation of sugar from the French West Indies

  • most refused to pay

New England Confederation

• advice to Northeastern colonists

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Nathaniel Bacon led farmers to raise a milita attack against nearby tribes

  • refused by William Berkeley

• burned down Jamestown when refused

• note: this is not just a populist uprising but an example of a CLASS based uprising as opposed to a racially divided uprising (a very early example of one)

Stono Uprising/Cato Rebellion

• 20 enslaved peoples stole guns, ammunition and librated enslaved people

• fled to Florida before being caught & killed

First Great Awakening

• 1730’s-1740s

• revivalism in wake of the Enlightenment

• Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield preached religious returns

• Evangelism

Ben Franklin

• self-made self-educated man

• Poor Richards Almanack

• inventions:

  • bifocals

  • lightning rod

  • Franklin Stove

  • fire department

  • post office

  • public library

• ambassador in Europe

• drafted peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

• Ben Franklin

• gov’t system of collecting taxes for the colonies defense

• “Join or Die”

• wanted to join the states together

Seven Years War (1754-1763)

• also known as French and Indian War

• French trying to protect fur trade

• George Washington attacked french outpost and lost badly

• England ended up with undisputed colonial power

• William Pitt

  • prime minister encourages colonist involvement

• trouble for Native Americans

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Ottowa war chief ralllies group of tribes in Ohio Valley attack settlements

  • resistance from Paxton Boys

Proclamation of 1763

• forbidding settlement west of river

• made colonists mad

Sugar Act of 1764

• new duties contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers

• heavily enforced; made colonists mad

Currency Act

• forbade the colonies to issue paper money

Stamp Act (1766)

• tax aimed at raising revenue

• broad-based tax, covering all legal documents and licenses

• tax on goods produced WITHIN the colonies

James Otis

• The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved

• “No taxation without Representation”

Virtual Representaiton

• all members of parliment represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them

Resistance to Stamp Acts

• Virginia Stamp Act Resolves (protest taxs and asserts colonist right to self govern)

• Sons of Liberty (boston mobs burning down places)

Declaratory Act

• asserted the British Government’s right to tax and legislate the colonists

Townshend Acts

• taxed goods imported directly from Britain

• tax collected was set aside for the payment of tax collectors

• vice-admiratly courts and several new government offices to enforce Crown’s will

• writs of assistance, licenses that gave the British the power to search any place

Massachusetts Circular Letter (1768)

• written by Samuel Adams

• requested protest of the townshend acts

The Quartering Act of 1765

• troops in America got food and housing from whoever

Boston Massacre (March 5th, 1770)

shots fired and killed 5 colonists

• john adams defended soldiers in court: early example of a fair trial to accused

committees of correspondence

• called for support for the revolution

• Mercy Otis warren

• Abigail Adams

• Martha Washington

East India Tea Company

• monopoly on tea trade

Boston Tea Party

• 1773

• threw tea into Boston Harbor against the tea taxes

Intolerable Acts

• closed boston harbor

• stricter quartering act

• tightneed english control

  • followed by Quebec Act which granted rights to catholics and extended the boundaries of the Quebec territory

First Continental Congress (1774)

• addressed grievances and formulated a colonial position on the proper relationship between the royal government and the colonial governments

• list of laws colonists wanted repealed and agree to boycott British goods

Battle of Lexinton and Concord

• “shot heard round the world”

• minutemen vs reedcoats

• first official battles

Loyalists

those loyal to the british side as opposed to the revolution

Second Continental Congress

• established continental army

• George Washington chose to lead army

• Olive Branch Petition (John Dickinson)

  • post bunker-hill

  • attempt to have peace

Common Sense (1776)

• Thomas Paine

• advocated colonial independence

• republicanism over monarchy

• independence in plainspoken language

• led to Paine’s involvement in the Declaration of Independence

  • July 4th, 1776

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

• led to French government alliance with the Continental congress

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

• Cornwalli’s surrender

• - ended war in October of 1783)

Franco-American Alliance

• french support for Americans and visa versa

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• US independence and territory rights

Articles of Confederation (1777) (pre-treaty of paris)

• sent out by Continental Congress

• limitations on fedral gov’t, including:

  • it could not enforce state/individual taxation

  • no military drafts

  • no regulation on trade

  • no executive or judicial branches

  • one vote for each state reguardless of population

  • 9/13 state majority

  • amendments required unanimous approval

Abigail Adams

• “remember the ladies”

• queen shit

• pleaded case for women’s rights to her husband

Shay’s Rebellion

• Daniel Shays not recieving his pay

• siezed a weapons armory and attacked courthouses

• citizens had to organize bc the articles lacked the power

• reason for constitutional convention

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• trial by jury

• freedom of religion

• freedom from excessive punishment

• abolished slavery in Northwest territories

• regulated how territories applied for statehood

New Jesrsey Plan

• modifications

• equal reprsentation for each state

Virginia Plan

• James Madison

• entirely new government with checks and balances

• representatives based on population

• three tiered government with executive and legislative branches

• electoral college to decide president

Great Compromise

• blended Virginia Plan and New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legistlature and the constitution

Three-fifths compromise

• enslaved people were deemed to count as 3/5 of a person

Anti-federalists

• appalled by the original absence of theh bill of rights

• opposed strong federal government power

Federalist papers

• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

• fought against anti-federalists

Bill of Rights

• first 10 amendments added in 1791:

  1. freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and protest

  2. right to bear arms

  3. no quartering

  4. no search and seizure without warrant

  5. right to due process and double jeopardy, no self incrimination

  6. right to a speedy, fair, public trial

  7. right to trial by jury

  8. no cruel and unusual punishment

  9. rights not listed are kept by the people

  10. powers not listed are kept by the states or the people

National Bank

• proposed by Hamilton

• to regulate the new economy

• framed political party forming of Federalists

Edmond Genet (Genet Affair)

• Washington declared and supported American Neutrality

FEDERALISTS

• HAMILTON, WASHINGTON, ADAMS, JAY, MARSHALL

• COMMERCE

• STRONG FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

• WEALTHY

• NORTHEAST

• LOOSE INTER. OF CONSTITUTION

• SUPPORT NATIONAL BANK

• british-leaning

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

• JEFFERSON, MADISON

• AGRICULTURE

• STATE GOVERNMENTS, WEAK FED.

• YEOMAN FARMERS

• SOUTH

• STRICT INTER. OF CONSTITUTION

• DO NOT SUPPORT NATIONAL BANK

• france-leaning

Whiskey Rebellion (1791)

• Penn farmers resist excise tax on whiskey

Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty

• prevented attacks on western settlers from Native Americans

• negotiate duty-free use of Mississippi River

Farewell Address (Washington)

• promoted isolationism

• anti-partisanship

Republican Motherhood

• emphasized private virtue as a job of women

• inspiring and teaching men to be good citizens

• led to advocation for female education

• motherhood became more prominent, and women were raising and teaching children who would positively impact the US

XYZ affair

• french try to get bribe before negotiation

• swap in public support: pro-french to anti-french

• quasi-war

• under Adams admin

Alien and Sedition Acts

• adams admin

• allowed gov’t to expel foreigners and jail newspaper editors for “mailcious writing:

• clear violation of first amendment

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• states had the right to judge constitutionality of federal laws

• beginning of the idea of nullification