Endocrine System - McGraw Hill Questions

The endocrine system works closely with the ______ system to bring about homeostasis in the body

Nervous System

What are the functions of the endocrine system

• Controlling metabolism

• Regulating blood composition

• Overseeing reproductive functions

The testes produce the male sex hormones called _____, many of which are converted into testosterone

Androgens

What are two major controlling systems of the body

Endocrine and nervous system

Which of the following is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus?

After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin

The nervous system affects target organs through the release of chemicals called

neurotransmitter

Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone

testosterone

Amines that are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid are called

Biogenic amines (or mono)

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones _____ and _____.

estrogen; progesterone

The class of hormones called _____ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids

Protein

What are all the stimuli that hormones can be released as a direct response to?

• Neural

• Hormonal

• Humoral

What are the types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?

• Prostaglandins

• Leukotrienes

• Thromboxanes

Steroid hormones are a type of lipid derived from

cholesterol

Most hormones are transported in the _____ to their target cells

blood

An example of a biogenic amine hormone is _____ hormone

thyroid

An example of a peptide hormone is

parathyroid hormone

What are all the ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream

• Degradation by enzymes

• Excretion by the kidneys

Menstrual cramps are caused by prostaglandins which are both produced by and affect the uterus. Because they are produced by and affect the same area of the body they are considered ______ hormones

local, autocrine, or localized

Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called _____ cells for the hormone

target cells

Hormones that are transported in the blood are released from

endocrine glands

Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called ______ hormones

bound hormones

What are the two factors that affect the concentration of a circulating hormone?

synthesis and elimination

Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells _____.

inside the cell

A hormone only has receptors on one type of cell in the body

False; hormones, such as insulin, have receptors on many different cell types in the body

Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as the _____ transduction pathway.

signal

How are most hormones transported once they are released from an endocrine gland

blood

In a signal transduction pathway, activated G proteins can then activate which of the following two enzymes?

• Phospholipase C

• Adenylate cyclase

In a signal transduction pathway, activated adenylate cyclase increases cAMP levels which then activates the enzyme protein ______

Kinase A

When a water-soluble hormones binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which two of the following?

• Muscle contraction

• Increased permeability of the cell membrane

A lipid-soluble hormone binds to its intracellular receptor and then binds to a portion of DNA called a _____ element (HRE)

Hormone-response

Water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell receptors found _____

on the surface of the plasma membrane

Multi-step signal transduction pathways provide _____ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than direct pathways

greater

In signal transduction pathways, once a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, it can activate a complex called the ______ protein

G protein

In a signal transduction, adenylate cyclase is activated by a _____

G protein

What are the result from the cascade of intracellular chemical reactions following the binding of a water-soluble hormone to a target cell

• Increased secretions

• Growth

• Activation of enzymes pathways

Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells ______.

inside the cell

One advantage of signal transduction pathways is that the binding of a few hormone molecules can affect millions of molecules within the cell

True; because signal transduction pathways ‘cascade,’ they affect more molecules at each step

A target cell may have recptors for more than one type of hormone

True; Hepatocytes are just one example of cells that have more than one hormone receptor type

The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the _____ sensitive it is to the hormone

more

GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogensis; as a result, blood sugar levels

rise

Injections of human growth hormone over a period of many years will not bring pituitary dwarfs to normal heights

True; GH will bring improvement to height but not normal heights

A single target cell of a hormone _____

can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone

If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general, it will ______ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis.

decrease

an excess of growth hormone can result in pituitary dwarfism and an extraordinary height up to 8 feet

False; an excess of GH would result in pituitary gland

when the hypothalamus releases _____, the anterior pituitary then releases growth hormone

GHRH

an excess of growth hormone in adults results in a condition known as

acromegaly

pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ______ hormone production

growth

What are the stimuli that cause the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus

• Low body temperature

• A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood

Place the following events in the order from (top to bottom) that pertain to the regulation of TH

1. Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus

2. The hypothalamus releases TRH

3. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary

4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH

5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland

6. The thyroid gland produces TH

Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary

gigantism

What are all of the bones that enlarge in acromegaly?

• Feet

• Hands

• Face

TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of _____

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of ____ from the hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

What are the order of hormones releasing?

1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

3. Thyroid Hormone (TH)

When the thyroid hormone levels rise in the bloodstream, the thyroid gland ______

decreases secretion of TH

The anterior pituitary gland secretes _____ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release ______

TSH; TH

What are all the stimuli that cause the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus?

• Low body temperature

• Decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood

What are the events in order that describe TH regulation (Earliest to latest)

1. The hypothalamus releases TRH

2. The anterior pituitary releases TSH

3. The thyroid releases TH

Thyroid hormones increase metabolism and increase body ______

temperature

As thyroid hormones rise in the bloodstream, the ______ pituitary stops secreting TSH

Anterior

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesize and release ______.

calcitonin

An enlargement of thyroid known as a

goiter

Which hormone directly causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone?

TSH

What are all the characteristics of the effects of hyperthyroidism?

1. Increase metabolic rate

2. Hyperactivity

3. Weight loss

What is the full name of the hormone T₄?

Thyroxine; Tetraiodothyronine

the condition known as ______ results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone

hypothyroidism

As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is

decrease; inhibited

True or False: Goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease

True; Iodine is not enough to regress the goiter in most cases

Calcitonin ______ blood calcium levels

lowers

Which hormone directly stimulates the adrenal cortex to release coritsol?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What are the symptoms associated with hypothyroidism

1. Weight gain

2. Feeling cold

3. Sluggishness

Goiters ______ once iodine is restored to the diet

Do no regress

What are all that results with increased cortisol levels in the body?

• Decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body

• Increased blood fatty acid levels

• Increased blood sugar levels

What is the order of events that relates to regulation of cortisol?

1. The hypothalamus releases CRH

2. The anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH

3. The adrenal cortex releases coritsol

If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects?

immunosuppression

The syndrome that is characterized by obesity, especially in the face (called "moon face") and back (called "buffalo hump") is called _______ syndrome

Cushing

Which hormone produced the adrenal cortex increases blood sugar levels?

Cortisol

Chronic inflammation is often treated with glucocorticoid called ______

corticosterone

Cushing syndrome results from chronic exposure of the body's tissues to excessive levels of which of the following?

Glucocorticoids

Addison disease occurs when there is a chronic shortage of ______ in the body.

Glucocoricoids

What are all the symptoms a female will show if she is born with androgenital syndrome

• increased ACTH

• enlarged clitoris

What are all the effects of insulin on cells

• increased lipogenesis in adipose cells

• increased glycogenesis by liver cells

• increased uptake of glucose by most cells

Androgenital syndrome is caused by an inability to produce the hormones called

corticosteriods

Stages of the stress response in chronological order

1. The alarm reaction

2. The stage of resistance

3. The stage of exhaustion

Insulin promted

glycogensis

glucagon causes target cells in the ____ to break down glycogen in to glucose and release it into the bloodstream

liver

Insulin ______ the level of all nutrient molecules within the blood.

decrease

Glucagon _____ glucose levels within the blood

increases

True or false: Insulin promotes lipid storage.

True; insulin is an anabolic hormone

chronically elevated blood glucose levels damage ______.

blood vessels

if someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most?

pancrease

Glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream?

fatty acids

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions?

• retinal blindness

• non-traumatic leg amputations

• kidney failure

if someone has type 1 diabetes it is because the ____ cells in their pancreas are no longer producing insulin

beta

Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

if someone suffers from type 1 diabetes mellitus, which organ transplant would benefit them most

pancreas

the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets produce and secrete

Glucagon

Match each type of hormone interaction with an example in the body

• Synergistic → estrogen and progesterone are more powerful together than alone

• Permissive → oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin

• Antagonistic → glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively