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Crime and justice module 1
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21 Terms
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1
Criminal Justice System
A collection of interdependent agencies that respond to criminal activity through enforcement, adjudication, and correction.
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2
Instrumental/Utilitarian Purpose
The objective of responding to crime to benefit society through prevention and reduction.
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3
Symbolic/Non-utilitarian Purpose
Addressing imbalances caused by illegal actions and violations of human dignity.
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4
Crime Control Model
Emphasizes efficiency and speed in processing cases, focusing on early informal fact-gathering and operates on the presumption of guilt.
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5
Due Process Model
Emphasizes accuracy and reliability of decisions, focusing on formal fact-finding in court and operates on the presumption of innocence.
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6
Proportionality (Desert Theory)
Backward-oriented approach to punishment focusing on making penalties reflect the seriousness of the crime.
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7
Crime Prevention (Utilitarian)
A forward-oriented approach to punishment that includes strategies like rehabilitation and individual deterrence.
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8
Elements Required for Criminal Responsibility
Includes voluntary conduct, causation of harm, and awareness of mental states like intention, recklessness, and knowledge.
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9
Voluntary Conduct
Actions that are performed with control, an essential element for criminal liability.
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10
Intention
A mental state where the individual has the purpose to achieve a specific result.
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11
Recklessness
When an individual is aware of a substantial risk and unjustifiably takes that risk.
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12
Insanity Defense
A legal defense claiming that a defendant was unable to understand the nature of their actions due to mental impairment.
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13
Complicity
Aiding, abetting, counseling, or procuring another to commit an offense.
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14
Retribution
Punishment aimed at making offenders pay for their offenses, reflecting proportionality.
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15
Restorative Justice
A justice approach focused on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims.
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16
Individual Deterrence
Punishment aimed at preventing an individual from committing future crimes.
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17
General Deterrence
Punishment intended to deter the general public from committing crimes.
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18
Inefficiency in Criminal Justice
Challenges posed by delays in justice delivery, poor public confidence, and lack of coordination among agencies.
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19
Social Contract Theory
The philosophical idea that individuals give some liberties in exchange for protection and social order.
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20
Elements of Sentencing
Goals of sentencing include retribution, restitution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.
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21
The Funnel Model of Crime Processing
Illustrates how many incidents of crime lead to fewer arrests, charges, convictions, and incarcerations.
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