apes final

The LD50 for arsenic in humans is 13 mg/kg. Which of the following approaches should be used to calculate the number of grams of arsenic it would take to reach the LD50 in a 140-pound person? [Note: 1kg=2.2pounds]

140lb × 1kg/2.2lb × 13mg/1kg × 1g/1,000mg

Which of the following best describes why DDT is classified as a persistent organic pollutant? DDT can be used to control diseases, such as malaria and typhus, that are spread by insects. DDT has both short-term acute and long-term chronic health effects in both humans and wildlife. DDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application. DDT is detected in food worldwide and the general human population is most commonly exposed to the toxin through food.

DDT is very stable, and as much as 50% of the original concentration can remain in the soil 15 years after the initial application.

Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources? The development of new strains of crops with higher yields The addition of calorie, fat, and fiber percentage to the information provided on food package labels Deforestation to provide field crops with increased sunlight for photosynthesis The application of higher levels of organic fertilizers to increase rice production The discovery that chlorophyll adds nutritional value to wheat, rice, and sorghum

The development of new strains of crops with higher yields

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies secondary succession? Fungus grows after a glacial movement exposed bare ground Moss is the first species to colonize an area after a volcanic eruption Flowers grow after a forest fire burns out Lichens begin to grow on exposed rocks after a tectonic event

Flowers grow after a forest fire burns out

Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods? Exhaust-stream aeration Irradiation by UV light Liquid chromatography Electrostatic precipitators Catalytic converters

Electrostatic precipitators

The greenhouse gas that is exclusively anthropogenic: O3 CH4 CO2 CFCs H2O

CFCs

Based on the diagram, which of the following identifies a characteristic of the atmosphere between the stratopause and the tropopause? The ozone layer is in the stratosphere. The warmest air is found in the mesosphere. Cloud formation occurs in the stratosphere. The troposphere is the closest layer to the sun. 1 of 1

The ozone layer is in the stratosphere.

Which of the following is a drawback to using biofuels, such as ethanol, as a fuel source? There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production. Ethanol-blended gasoline increases the likelihood of freezing gas lines in winter months. The global demand for biofuels is continually decreasing. Ethanol-blended gasoline has higher carbon emissions than petroleum alone.

There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing: many offspring with high levels of parental care few offspring with low levels of parental care many offspring with low levels of parental care few offspring with high levels of parental care many offspring without parental care

few offspring with high levels of parental care

Which of the following examples includes both a point and a nonpoint source of pollution? Waste from animal feedlots and sediment from construction sites Fertilizer from suburban lawns and wastewater effluent from water treatment A factory smokestack and a sewage system effluent into a stream. Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields

Runoff from city streets and pesticides from agricultural fields

Which of the following is a drawback to using biofuels, such as ethanol, as a fuel source? There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production. Ethanol-blended gasoline increases the likelihood of freezing gas lines in winter months. The global demand for biofuels is continually decreasing. Ethanol-blended gasoline has higher carbon emissions than petroleum alone.

There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production.

If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate? 0.4% 0.8% 1.0% 4.0% 8.0%

0.8%

A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability. Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which led to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels. The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources. Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.

The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability

Which of the following best describes how the use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment? The combustion of hydrogen fuel releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change. The harvesting of hydrogen fuel from ocean sediments can result in damage to marine ecosystems and fisheries. The transport of hydrogen fuel requires pipelines that can negatively impact terrestrial habitats, especially when these pipelines leak

The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? Recreation and scenic areas for tourism Mushroom and plant harvests Timber and landscape materials Soil stabilization and air purification

Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is? 5 Years 7 Years 14 Years 24 Years 35 Years

14 Years

Which of the following statements about geothermal energy is accurate? While geothermal energy can heat buildings directly, it is not used to generate electricity. Steam from underground sources must be condensed before it can be used aboveground. In some parts of the world, geothermal sources are used to power steam locomotives. The location of geothermal energy sources ranges from short distances below ground to miles below the surface.

The location of geothermal energy sources ranges from short distances below ground to miles below the surface

Brown pelicans are fish-eating birds. As a result of an El Niño event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Niño event and the population decline? Predatory seal populations increase dramatically due to decreased rainfall. Lower sea surface heights can result in pelican nest sites being isolated too far from their food supply in the ocean. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites. The female reproductive tract of birds does not function at the lower water temperatures of El Niño. Male pelicans get disoriented due to the lack of moisture and fail to return to the nest with food

Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites.

Which of the following best describes how anthropogenic activity can increase ocean acidification? A spill from an oil rig in the ocean can have acute toxic effects on fish and other aquatic organisms, which disrupt the aquatic food web. Emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by the ocean. Tourist activities in coastal areas increase the concentration of sunscreen in the water, which decreases the photosynthetic rates of aquatic producers and increases the pH of the ocean. A volcanic eruption releasing greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere.

Emissions from power plants that burn fossil fuels increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by the ocean.

Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Predation Intraspecific Competition

Mutualism

In which of the following layers is weather experienced? Mesosphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

Troposphere

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do. There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers. There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents. Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.

There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem? Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers minus the energy that producers respire over time. Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time. Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers plus the energy used by consumers over time. Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy lost as heat during energy transfer between trophic levels.

Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time.

Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the: movement of benthic organisms from polar to temperate regions spring and fall overturn of temperate bodies of water. restriction of the jet stream to polar regions. distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions.

distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the tragedy of the commons? Selective harvesting of trees by a timber company in a national forest Depletion of an aquifer by regional farmers Legislation of catch limits to avoid depletion of fish stocks in a shared lake Inadvertent destruction of beneficial species while attempting to control pests Destruction of landscape by surfacing mining on private land

Depletion of an aquifer by regional farmers

24-25 APES Final Exam 1 30. Many environmentalists consider Egypt's Aswan High Dam on the Nile River to be an ecological and agricultural disaster. Which of the following is the best evidence to support this viewpoint? The Aswan High Dam supplies one-third of the electrical power used in Egypt. Most of the nutrient-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam. Creation of the dam flooded important archaeological sites. Sardine populations near the Nile delta increased exponentially as a result of decreased annual rates of water flow. Some countries upstream from the dam have diverted Nile River water for their own projects.

Most of the nutrient-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam.

Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects? Lead . . skin cancer Sulfur oxides . . acid deposition Carbon oxides . . ozone layer depletion Particulates . . production of photochemical smog Radon . . global climate change

Sulfur oxides . . acid deposition

Which of the following is the most likely route for mercury to enter the food web? Medical waste incinerators → stratosphere → grass → cows Coal-burning emissions → deposition → ocean → plankton → fishes Organic fertilizers → soil → groundwater → lake → trout Municipal waste → landfill → groundwater → plants and vegetation Mining waste → acid deposition → surface runoff → plants and vegetation

Coal-burning emissions → deposition → ocean → plankton → fishes

A massive bluegill fish kill was observed in a lake near a power plant during the winter months. It was determined that the plant was releasing large amounts of hot water into the lake. Which of the following explains what likely caused the death of so many bluegills in the lake? The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability. Rates of organic matter decomposition increased, which led to an increase in dissolved oxygen and increased bacteria levels. The increased water temperature caused dissolved oxygen levels to increase, leading to greater metabolic activity of catfish, which outcompeted the bluegill fish for resources. Photosynthetic output of aquatic plants decreased because of the higher temperature, which lowered the amount of carbon dioxide available for bluegills to carry out cellular respiration.

The influx of warmer water caused an unexpected increase in the metabolic rate of the bluegills, which led to increased physiological stress from limited resource availability.

Most active volcanism in the world is associated with: Desertification Plate boundaries Continental Shelves Aquifer depletion Faulting

Plate boundaries

Burning one gallon of gasoline in a car releases approximately 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere. One person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 30 miles per gallon (mpg), while another person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 20 mpg. Over the course of the 60,000 miles, how many fewer pounds of CO2 are released by the 30 mpg car than by the 20 mpg car? 2,000 pounds 8,000 pounds 20,000 pounds 80,000 pounds 100,000 pounds

8,000 pounds

Which of the following is a true statement about ecological succession? Primary and secondary succession take the same about of time Primary succession takes more time than secondary succession Secondary succession takes more time than secondary succession Primary succession takes less time than secondary succession

Primary succession takes more time than secondary succession

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal? Carbon monoxide Sulfuric acid PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) Ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

Carbon monoxide

Exemplified by starling birds displacing bluebirds for nesting sites Predation Mutualism Parasitism Interspecific Competition Commensalism

Interspecific Competition

Which of the following best describes an environmental problem associated with hydraulic fracturing, or fracking? Fractures in the shale will close up once the fracking fluid is removed unless fine particles, like sand, are introduced to hold them open. Fracking fluids can escape from the drill hole and contaminate surface water and groundwater. Fracking has led to an increase in the production of oil and natural gas, lowering energy prices. The products of fracking release more carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds into the atmosphere than other fossil fuels.

Fracking fluids can escape from the drill hole and contaminate surface water and groundwate

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States is: burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity the large number of automobile air conditioners leaking Freon deforestation, which reduces the number of trees removing atmospheric CO2 global warming, which speeds the chemical reactions that produce acids strip-mining, which releases large quantities of particulates into the atmosphere

burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size? Silt—clay—sand Sand—clay—silt Clay—sand—silt Sand—silt—clay Clay—silt—sand

Clay—silt—sand