Cell Communication and Signal Transduction

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts from lecture notes on cell communication and signal transduction.

Signal Transduction Pathways

Processes that convert a signal into a cellular response through a series of steps.

Phosphorylation Cascade

A series of chemical reactions within a cell, where one enzyme activates another through phosphorylation.

Protein Kinase

An enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to a protein, usually activating it.

Amplification

The process in which one ligand leads to an increase in activated molecules, enhancing the response.

Crosstalk

Interactions between different signaling pathways that can enhance or inhibit responses.

Second Messengers

Small, water-soluble molecules that relay signals received by receptors on the cell surface.

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

A second messenger made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase, involved in triggering many cellular responses.

Scaffolding Proteins

Proteins that physically bring signaling molecules together to facilitate faster and more specific signal transmission.

Signal Termination

Processes that turn off signals to prevent overstimulation and uncontrolled cell growth.

Calcium Ions (Ca2+)

Key ions that function as a second messenger in signaling pathways, facilitating processes like muscle contraction.