WMAN FINAL

Biological station

Protected area managed mainly for scientific research.

Wilderness area

Protected area managed mainly for preserving wilderness.

National park

Protected area focused on ecosystem protection and recreation.

National monument

Protected area conserving specific natural features.

Habitat/species management area

Area where conservation is achieved through active management.

Protected landscape/seascape

Area managed for both conservation and recreation.

Managed resource protected area

Area allowing sustainable use of natural ecosystems.

Marine Protected Area (MPA)

Ocean area where resources receive more protection than surrounding waters.

Multiple-use MPA

Area where some activities like fishing are allowed.

No-take MPA

Area where extraction (like fishing) is not allowed.

No-access MPA

Area closed to all human entry.

No-impact MPA

Area with strict protection and minimal human impact.

Conservation priorities

Key factors used to decide what areas should be protected.

Distinctiveness (irreplaceability)

How unique an area or species is.

Endangerment (vulnerability)

How at risk a species or habitat is.

Utility

Usefulness of an area to humans or ecosystems.

Wildlands Network

Conservation strategy connecting core reserves with corridors.

Core reserves

Protected areas with little human activity.

Wildways

Corridors connecting protected areas.

Representation

Protecting a variety of ecosystems.

Resiliency

Ability of ecosystems to recover from disturbance.

Redundancy

Having multiple protected areas for the same features.

Reality

Considering practical constraints in conservation.

Species-area relationship

Larger areas tend to support more species.

Theory of Island Biogeography

Explains species richness based on island size and distance.

SLOSS debate

Single Large Or Several Small reserves question.

Habitat corridor

Strip of land connecting protected areas.

Rewilding

Restoring ecosystems by reintroducing species.

Species Survival Plan (SSP)

Program managing breeding of endangered species.

Studbook

Record of an animal’s lineage and life history.

Husbandry manual

Guide for care and breeding of species.

Cross-fostering

Raising young by a different species or parent.

Artificial incubation

Hatching eggs without parents.

Artificial insemination

Human-assisted fertilization.

Embryo transfer

Moving embryos to another female.

Additive mortality

Mortality that increases total deaths.

Compensatory mortality

Mortality that replaces other causes without increasing total deaths.

Reintroduction

Releasing species into historical range.

Augmentation

Adding individuals to an existing population.

Introduction

Releasing species outside historical range.

Soft release

Gradual release with support.

Hard release

Immediate release without support.

Adaptive management

Iterative process of learning and improving management.

Restoration

Returning ecosystem to original condition.

Reclamation

Converting land to a usable state.

Mitigation

Reducing negative impacts.

Large Woody Debris (LWD)

Wood in streams that improves habitat and water flow.

Settling ponds

Ponds that remove pollutants from water.

Limestone treatment

Method to reduce water acidity.

Rock veins

Structures used to control water flow and sediment.

Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA)

Law regulating mining and funding land restoration.

Lacey Act

Law prohibiting trade of illegally taken wildlife.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Protects migratory birds.

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Protects marine mammals.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Law protecting threatened and endangered species.

Endangered species

Species at risk of extinction.

Threatened species

Species likely to become endangered.

Distinct Population Segment (DPS)

Subgroup of a species that is discrete and significant.

Critical habitat

Habitat essential for species survival.

Section 7 (ESA)

Requires federal agencies to avoid harming species or habitat.

Section 9 (ESA)

Prohibits 'take' of endangered species.

Take

Harm, kill, or disturb wildlife.

Incidental take

Unintentional harm to species allowed under permit.

Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP)

Plan to minimize impacts on species.

Clean Water Act

Law regulating water pollution.

Wetlands

Areas saturated with water supporting specific vegetation.

CITES

International treaty regulating wildlife trade.

Appendix I (CITES)

Most endangered species, trade banned.

Appendix II (CITES)

Controlled trade.

Appendix III (CITES)

Protected in at least one country.

Ramsar Convention

International treaty protecting wetlands.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Treaty promoting biodiversity conservation.

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

Protects migratory animals.

IUCN Red List

Global system classifying species’ extinction risk.

Biodiversity hotspots

Regions with high species diversity and threat.

The Nature Conservancy

NGO focused on land conservation.

Debt-for-nature swap

Reducing debt in exchange for conservation.

Co-management

Shared management between groups.

Ecocolonialism

Imposing conservation on local communities.

Integrated Conservation Development Project (ICDP)

Combines conservation with local economic needs.

Environmental activism

Advocacy for environmental protection.