Functions & Gross Anatomy of Bone, Anatomical Terminology

properties of bone

• hard/rigid

• strong

• light

• supportive

• microflexible (viscoelastic)

• alive

• dynamic

• capable of remodeling

25%

What percentage of bone is organic?

collagen and protein

What makes up the organic component of bone?

60%

What percentage of bone is inorganic?

hydroxyapatite, calcium, phosphate

What makes up the inorganic component of bone?

15%

What percentage of bone is water?

support, movement, encasement, protection

What are the 4 mechanical functions of bone?

hematopoiesis, mineral reservoir, endocrine regulation

What are the 3 physiological functions of bone?

hematopoiesis

production of red blood cells in red bone marrow

fat storage

What is one purpose of yellow bone marrow?

cortical bone

dense outer bone, i.e. compact bone

trabecular bone

porous, strut-like, internal, ends of long bones, lightweight, i.e. cancellous or spongy bone

subchondral bone

compact bone covered by articular cartilage (at joints), very thin, microporous

epiphysis

ends of a bone, secondary growth centers

metaphysis

flared-out region of bone between diaphysis and epiphysis

diaphysis

origin of bone growth, length of a bone

projections

bumps or ridges that stick out from bone surface, e.g. external occipital protuberance

depressions, fossae, grooves

indentations or furrows on bone surface, e.g. mandibular fossa

foramina and canals

holes or channels in bone, e.g. foramen magnum

ontogeny, sexual dimorphism, individual, geographic

What are 4 major factors that produce skeletal variation?

axial skeleton

skull and thorax (vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum)

appendicular skeleton

shoulder and pelvic girdle, limbs

joint

a place of articulation between skeletal elements, connected by ligaments and cartilage

synovial joint

within a joint capsule, joint surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, joint cavity contains synovial fluid, prevents bone-on-bone contact and friction, allows for smooth movement

cartilaginous joint

bones articulated by cartilage; allow little movement

fibrous joints

bones united by dense membranes or ligaments; tight and inflexible

sagittal

a plane that divides the body into left and right

coronal

a plane that divides the body into front and back

transverse

a plane that divides the body into top and bottom

Frankfort Horizontal

a line that runs from the bottom of the eye socket to the top of the ear opening