Mastering A&P: Chapter 21 HW- The Respiratory System:

What homeostatic disturbances would you expect to see with diseases of the respiratory system?

a. pH imbalance

b. blood pressures

c. Aldosterone levels

d. All the above are correct.

d. All the above are correct.

--> Disorders of the respiratory can have any of the disturbances listed.

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the respiratory system?

a. assist with the flow of arterial blood

b. olfaction

c. produce speech and vocalizations

d. maintain acid-base balance

a. assist with the flow of arterial blood

--> The respiratory system assists in the flow of venous blood and lymph in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the:

a. respiratory zone.

b. larynx.

c. upper respiratory tract.

d. conducting zone.

a. respiratory zone.

Houses nasal conchae to enhance turbulence for filtering air:

a. bronchi

b. alveoli

c. nasal cavity

d. trachea

e. larynx

f. bronchioles

g. pharynx

c. nasal cavity

Prevents food and liquid from entering the rest of the respiratory tract:

a. trachea

b. alveoli

c. nasal cavity

d. bronchi

e. bronchioles

f. larynx

g. pharynx

f. larynx

The smallest airways of the bronchial tree:

a. pharynx

b. alveoli

c. nasal cavity

d. trachea

e. bronchi

f. bronchioles

g. larynx

f. bronchioles

Simple squamous epithelium creates these air sacs:

a. alveoli

b. bronchi

c. nasal cavity

d. trachea

e. larynx

f. pharynx

g. bronchioles

a. alveoli

Transports air from the larynx into the lower respiratory tract:

a. alveoli

b. pharynx

c. trachea

d. nasal cavity

e. bronchioles

f. bronchi

g. larynx

c. trachea

The first branches of the trachea:

a. bronchi

b. nasal cavity

c. pharynx

d. trachea

e. larynx

f. bronchioles

g. alveoli

a. bronchi

Carina is the last ring of this organ:

a. bronchioles

b. pharynx

c. bronchi

d. trachea

e. nasal cavity

f. larynx

g. alveoli

d. trachea

Three regions are the naso-, oro-, and laryngo-:

a. bronchi

b. alveoli

c. larynx

d. pharynx

e. bronchioles

f. nasal cavity

g. trachea

d. pharynx

What sweeps foreign debris from the lower respiratory passages?

a. flagella

b. gap junctions

c. microvilli

d. cilia

d. cilia

Which epithelium forms the alveoli?

a. simple columnar epithelium

b. simple squamous epithelium

c. stratified squamous epithelium

d. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

b. simple squamous epithelium

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?

a. overinflation

b. burst

c. collapse

d. inhalation

c. collapse

Which of the following muscles is involved in normal quiet inspiration?

a. internal intercostal muscles

b. parietal pleura

c. external intercostal muscles

d. abdominal muscles

c. external intercostal muscles

--> The external intercostal muscles, which are located between the ribs, contract and increase the size of the thoracic cavity. The other major inspiratory muscle is the diaphragm.

What statement best describes tidal volume?

a. Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

b. Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration.

c. Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration.

d. Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration.

a. Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately:

a. 35 mm Hg.

b. 45 mm Hg.

c. 70 mm Hg.

d. 50 mm Hg.

b. 45 mm Hg

One hemoglobin can bind a maximum of ___ oxygen(s).

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

d. 4

--> Hemoglobin can bind up to four oxygen molecules. When it carries four oxygen molecules, we say that it is 100% saturated.

According to the graph, hemoglobin is 25% saturated at PO2 of:

a. 15 mm Hg.

b. 25 mm Hg.

c. 35 mm Hg.

d. 100 mm Hg.

a. 15 mm Hg

--> According to this graph, at PO2 of 15mm Hg, hemoglobin is 25% saturated.

As hemoglobin saturation decreases:

a. the same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.

b. more oxygen binds to hemoglobin.

c. the partial pressure of oxygen increases.

d. more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

d. more oxygen is released from hemoglobin

--> Lower hemoglobin saturation means less oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin because they have been released. This happens in the tissues.

Which of the following will cause hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen?

a. increase in BPG

b. increase in blood pH

c. decrease in temperature

d. decrease in PCO2

a. increase in BPG

--> BPG produced by erythrocytes binds with hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen, which increases the unloading of oxygen into the tissues.

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports:

a. 4 molecules of oxygen.

b. 2 molecules of oxygen.

c. 1 molecule of oxygen.

d. 8 molecules of oxygen.

a. 4 molecules of oxygen.

Respiratory acidosis results from:

a. hypocapnia.

b. hypoventilation.

c. hyperventilation.

d. hypoxia.

b. hypoventilation.

Which process of respiration relies on pressure gradients to move air in and out of the lungs?

a. pulmonary ventilation

b. both pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange

c. both gas transport and pulmonary ventilation

d. gas transport

a. pulmonary ventilation

Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in __________.

a. hemoglobin concentration

b. PCO2

c. hydrogen ion concentration

d. PO2

b. PCO2

--> High PCO2 triggers hyperventilation and low PCO2 triggers hypoventilation.

What is typical of restrictive lung diseases?

a. decreased efficiency of expiration

b. increased vital capacity

c. decreased pulmonary compliance

d. decreased alveolar surface tension

c. decreased pulmonary compliance

Which of the following diseases is characterized by loss of alveolar surface area __________.

a. emphysema

b. pulmonary embolism

c. asthma

d. chronic bronchitis

a. emphysema

--> Emphysema is a type of COPD.

In what order does air inhaled through the nose travel, from superior to inferior?

a. oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

b. nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx

c. nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

d. laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx

c. nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The nasopharynx is labeled __________.

a. D

b. C

c. A

d. B

c. A

(blue part)

--> The nasopharynx extends from the posterior nares to the uvula.

The secondary bronchi are labeled __________.

a. D

b. A

c. B

d. C

d. C

--> Each secondary bronchus serves a lobe of a lung. The left lung has two lobes and has two secondary bronchi, while the right lung has three lobes and has three secondary bronchi.

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following EXCEPT:

a. terminal bronchioles.

b. respiratory bronchioles.

c. alveolar sacs.

d. alveolar ducts.

a. terminal bronchioles.

A patient is suffering from type II tracheomalacia, a rare disease in which the hyaline cartilage degenerates in the trachea. What consequences may this patient encounter?

a. The collapse of the lungs

b. Difficulty in pushing food down into the stomach, as the trachea may impede the food from entering the stomach

c. The difficulty of inspiring air into the alveoli

d. The decrease in lung compliance

c. The difficulty of inspiring air into the alveoli

--> The tracheal rings are there to hold the trachea from collapsing.

Compared to bronchi, bronchioles have __________.

a. more cartilage

b. more mucus

c. more smooth muscle

d. large diameter

c. more smooth muscle

--> The bronchioles are the main airways where resistance control takes place because the smooth muscle controls air flow.

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure?

a. Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together.

b. Pressure increases when volume decreases.

c. Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase.

d. Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease.

b. Pressure increases when volume decreases.

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways?

a. elasticity of the lung tissues

b. presence of surfactant

c. diameter of the conducting zone passageways

d. degree of alveolar surface tension

c. diameter of the conducting zone passageways

True or False: Alveolar surface tension determines lung compliance.

True

There will be __________ carbon dioxide dissolved in water at a partial pressure of 45 mm Hg than at a partial pressure of 40 mm Hg.

a. the same amount

b. less

c. more

d. cannot be determined by the information given

c. more

--> According to Henry's law, at carbon dioxide partial pressure of 45 mm Hg as in tissues, there will be more carbon dioxide dissolved in water (or plasma) than at partial pressure of 40 mm Hg, such as in the lungs.

Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

a. partial pressure gradient

b. molecular weight of the gas molecule

c. gas solubility in water

d. temperature

a. partial pressure gradient

The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as:

a. Henry's law.

b. Boyle's law.

c. ventilation-perfusion matching.

d. partial pressure.

c. ventilation-perfusion matching.

Each of the following factors affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange EXCEPT:

a. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries.

b. surface area of the respiratory membrane.

c. thickness of the respiratory membrane.

d. diameter of an alveolus.

d. diameter of an alveolus.

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:

a. hydrochloric acid.

b. carbonic acid.

c. nitric acid.

d. carbaminohemoglobin.

b. carbonic acid.

An increase in blood PCO2 will cause __________.

a. decrease in blood pH

b. hypoventilation

c. decrease in blood hydrogen ion concentration

d. decrease in blood PO2

a. decrease in blood pH

--> An increase in blood PCO2 will result in more carbonic acid being formed and more hydrogen ions being released. When the excess hydrogen ions exceed the body's buffer systems, the pH of the blood decreases.

The neurons that control the basic rhythm for breathing are located in the __________.

a. VRG

b. pons

c. DRG

d. RPG

d. RPG

--> The respiratory pattern generator (RPG) is a collection of neurons that generates the basic rhythm for breathing.

Cigarette smoke destroys the cilia of the respiratory epithelium. Why would this create a cough seen with chronic bronchitis?

a. Coughing will allow mucus to expel, whereas the cilia could have increased surface area to absorb excess mucus buildup.

b. Cilia makes the mucus less viscous and must be relied upon coughing to loosen up the thick mucus.

c. Mucus is no longer carried down into the alveolar space, so it must be coughed up.

d. Coughing decreases the diameter of the respiratory tract, thus allowing air pressure to expel out the mucus.

d. Coughing decreases the diameter of the respiratory tract, thus allowing air pressure to expel out the mucus.

--> Coughing is a compensatory mechanism used to push the mucus in a superior direction.

Considering the role of the chemoreceptor in the regulation of the respiration rate, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is:

a. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood.

b. partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary capillaries.

c. partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in venous blood.

d. partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in systemic capillaries.

a. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood.