Respiration

Two major ways of producing ATP from food molecules

Fermentation: primitive way of breaking down glucose to make ATP

• does not require oxygen

• partial break down of glucose

• inefficient due to waste (ethanol or lattice acid

Aerobic respiration: more evolutionary way of breaking down glucose to make ATP

• requires oxygen

• complete break of glucose to make CO2

• efficient

• cellular respiration

Reduction

addition of electrons to substance

oxidation

removal of electrons of a substance

reduction agent

donates the electron

oxidizing agent

accepts the electron

The more electromotive

less freedom of movement

redox reactions involving O2 as the oxidizing agent

release large amounts of energy due to O2’s electromagnetically

redox reactions hydrogen-rich organic molecules as reducing agents

release lots of energy due to hydrogen’s low electronegativity

redox reactions involving oxygen as an oxidizing agent and hydrogen- rich organic molecules as a reducing agent

enormous amounts of energy

What is NAD( nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide)

high energy electron carrier

Cellular respiration

Glycolysis —> Krebs cycle —> ETC

Glycolysis

Glucose —> 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Kreb’s cycle

The Pyruvate are converted into acetyl-CoA, which enter the Krebs cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria. Products ( 3 NADH, FADH2, ATP)

ETC

Complex 1: electrons go to complex 1, 4 protons are pumped from the matrix to the inner membrane space

Complex 2: redox of FADH2, coenzyme Q picks up electrons and transports to complex 3

Complex 3: 4 protons are pumped from matrix to intermembrane space, carrier C transports electrons to complex 4

Complex 4: 2 protons pumped from matrix to intermembrane space, formation of H2O

Chemiosmosis

process of ions, typically hydrogen ions (protons), move across a semipermeable membrane down their gradient (proton motive force), generating energy that is used to synthesize ATP

Why does cellular respiration on have an efficiency of 34%

66% of the energy in each mole of glucose is lost as heat

Aerobic respiration

slow reaction that requires continuous O2

exercising a lot

better at aerobic respiration (without oxygen)

ectothermic

organisms that do not produce their own heat, control their internal temp by absorbing heat from their environment

endothermic

organisms maintain a constant internal temperature through metabolic processes

DNP

an uncoupling protein that is toxic in oxidative phosphorylation, it keeps people warm but causes rapid weight loss due to increases metabolic rate and eventually death from hyperthermia.