infection and response (unchecked)

slightly mixed as used for y9 eoys

define health

the state of physical/mental/emotional wellbeing

define a disease

any condition which causes ill health

what causes disease?

pathogens, dna/genetics, drinking, diet, drugs, stress

define correlation

the link between one factor and the occurrence of an event

what is the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

eukaryote: dna is found inside the nucleus, prokaryote: have free floating dna

what is a toxin?

a harmful chemical produced by a microorganism

what is a protist?

an eukaryote that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, fungi, or bacteria

what is binary fission?

a type of simple cell division used by prokaryotic cells to reproduce & split into two

what is the binary fission formula?

bacteria at the end of the growth period \= bacteria at the beginning of the growth period x 2^number of divisions

how does bacteria cause disease?

release toxins that. affect your body and make you ill, can damage cells

how do viruses cause disease?

'take over' your body, live and reproduce inside cells

how can pathogens enter the body?

• air

• water

• direct contact

what are viruses?

a fragment of genetic material inside a protective protein coat

what is a communicable disease?

a disease that can be spread between living beings

what is a non communicable disease?

a disease that cannot be spread between living beings

what is a vector?

any living organism that can carry a disease-producing virus

how can you reduce the spread of disease?

• isolation

• vaccination

• killing vectors

• being hygienic - e.g. washing hands

describe measles:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• viral

• human

• airborne

• vaccination

what are the symptoms of measles?

• fever

• skin rash

• can cause infertility

describe hiv:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• viral

• human

• bodily fluids, e.g. unprotected sex or shared needles

• practise safe sex and don’t reuse needles/no cure

what are the symptoms of hiv?

• mild flu like symptoms

• can become aids months to years after the patient is infected

describe tmv:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• viral

• plant

• direct contact

• farmers should wear gloves when handling plants/no cure

what are the symptoms of tmv?

• infects chloroplasts so turns leaves green/yellow/white

• mosaic pattern on leaves

• makes leaves wrinkle/curl

describe salmonella:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• bacterial

• human

• unhygienic kitchen/undercooked meat

• poultry vaccinations/antibiotics

what are the symptoms of salmonella?

• food poisoning (cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea)

describe gonorrhea:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• bacterial

• human

• unprotected sex (sti)

• abstinence or use a barrier/antibiotics

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

• thick yellow/green discharge

• burning pain when urinating

• infertility

describe rose black spot:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• fungal

• plant

• airborne/direct contact

• farmers should use gloves when handling plants/fungicides

what are the symptoms of rose black spot?

black/purple spots on leaves

describe athlete's foot:

• what type of disease is it?

• is it a human or plant disease?

• how is it spread?

• how can it be prevented/treated?

• fungal

• human

• direct contact

• antifungals

what are the symptoms of athlete's foot?

dry, red and flaky or white, wet and cracked skin

what equipment so you need for aseptic technique?

agar plate, discs washed in disinfectant, sharpie, heatproof mat, bacteria, bunsen burner, petri dish, forceps, inoculating loop

name some safety precautions you should take for aseptic technique?

close windows and doors, equipment near bunsen burner, hair tied, sleeves rolled, disinfectant on workplace, wash hands, never put down flamed equipment, stay stood up, lab coat and goggles

define unicellular

made of one type of cell

define prevalent

widespread (in a particular area or at a particular time)

define endemic

(of a disease/condition) commonly found among certain people/places

define asexual reproduction

the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

name some non specific body defences

skin, nasal hair, platelets, hydrochloric acid, tears, trachea

name some common symptoms of malaria

fever, shivering, vomiting, sweating, diarrhoea, headache, abdominal pain

who is at risk to malaria?

young children, pregnant women, people in areas where mosquitoes are prevalent

what is phagocytosis?

large molecules are taken into a phagocytic vacuole called a phagosome where they are digested

name three ways that phagocytes defend us

by ingesting the pathogen, by producing antibodies to kill/destroy the pathogen, by producing antitoxins to counteract the poisons produced by pathogens

describe phagocytosis

the phagocyte attempts to track down the pathogen, the cell membrane extends and the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen into the vacuole, enzymes are then released to digest and break down the bacteria

what is the first line of defence?

non specific body defences

what is the second line of defence?

phagocytosis (the immune system)

what is the third line of defence?

antitoxins and antibodies

what is an antibody?

y shaped proteins made by lymphocytes to destroy pathogens

what is an antiseptic?

a chemical used to kill microorganisms in the environment

what is an antibiotic?

a drug that works inside your body to kill bacterial pathogens

what is a painkiller?

a drug that treats the symptoms of disease but does it kill the pathogens that cause it

what is antibiotic resistance?

when the medicine no longer affects the bacteria because they are immune to it

how can you prevent antibiotic resistance?

remember to not take an antibiotic for a viral infection, do not save some of your antibiotic for the next time you get sick, take an antibiotic exactly as the healthcare provider tells you, do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else

what is digitalis and digoxin extracted from and what can it help to manage?

foxglove, can be used to manage heart conditions

what is aspirin extracted from and what can it be used for?

willow bark, can be used to treat headaches (paracetamol)

what was the thalidomide tragedy?

in the '60s, thalidomide was used to treat morning sickness, but the babies were born w/ unusually sized limbs or no limbs at all

what tests does a drug have to go through before it can be sold?

testing on tissue/cells, testing on animals, testing on healthy volunteers, testing on a small number of patients, testing on a large number of patients, screening for most cost effective drugs

what should a drug be tested for?

efficacy, toxicity, dosage, exit/entry, stability, safety

what is the difference between a blind trial and a double blind trial?

in a blind trial, the doctor knows whether the patient is getting the placebo or the drug, but in a double blind trial, both the doctor and he patient do not know

what are monoclonal antibodies?

identical antibodies produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell, target one specific antigen

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

- mouse immunised by injection of antigen to stimulate production of antibodies

- plasma cells isolated from spleen

- plasma cells fuse with tumour cells to form a hybridoma

- hybridoma produces large amounts of monoclonal antibodies

what are some advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

- target specific diseased cells without damaging healthy cells

- have many uses

- can help to diagnose disease

what are some disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

- sometimes too specific

- very expensive

- unethical

- time consuming

what are some side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

fever, chills, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, low blood pressure, rashes

what happens in the reaction zone of a pregnancy test?

antibodies attach to HCG, pick up AB1 enzymes (turn on dye molecules)

what happens in the test zone of a pregnancy test?

more antibodies attach to HCG, sandwich assay - if HCG is present, it gets 'sandwiched' between the two antibodies

what happens in the control zone of a pregnancy test?

all unbound antibodies end up here, activate more dye

what happens in the first stage of cancer treatment?

the monoclonal antibodies signal to the immune system and the lymphocytes respond and attack the cancer cell

what happens in the second stage of cancer treatment?

monoclonal antibody binds to receptor site, so the growth stimulating molecule can no longer bind to the cancer cell, cancer cells stops dividing w/o stimulus

what happens in the third stage of cancer treatment?

monoclonal antibody binds to antigen on cancer cell, monoclonal antibody attached to radioactive substance of toxic drug, radioactivity attacks cancer cell, cancer cell dies

what are the symptoms of plant disease?

discolouration, pests, malformation of stems, stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay

what is the equaion for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide + water \= glucose + oxygen (6CO2 + 6H2O \= CH12O6 + 6O2)

how can you identify plant disease?

refer to a manual / website, send samples to a lab to identify the pathogen, use testing kits w/ monoclonal antibodies

what causes plant disease?

pathogens, parasites, mineral deficiencies

describe aphids

infests roses, tomatoes, often seen in greenhouses, often suck sap, eaten by ladybirds

less nitrates...

less protein made, less growth

less Mg...

less chlorophyll made, less photosynthesis, leaves appear yellow, less growth