AP HUG Ch.1 (copy)

What are reference maps?

Informational and show boundaries and names of places

What are thematic maps?

Tell a story by showing the density and distortion of quantive data

What is a choropleth map?

maps that use colors or shading to represent quantifiable data

show density but not distribution

What is a dot map?

maps that place a dot to represent a value in its approximant location

What is a graduated symbol map?

maps that feature symbols proportional in size to the actual value of the data

What is an isoline map?

maps that connect areas of equal value with lines

often used for weather maps

What is a cartogram map?

map that distorts the appearance of places on the map to represent their value

What is absolute location?

exact location, distance, or direction

What is relative location?

qualitative (about) measurement

a geographer will ask ____ the pattern appears this way

why

What is a map projection?

takes the spherical shape of the earth and displays it on a flat surface

Conformal map projection

projections preserve shapes of land feature at the expense of distorting their true size

Equal-are map projection

projections distort oceans to preserve size of landmasses

Mercator Projection

latitude and longitude shown at right angles, preserves shape but distorts size massively at high latitudes

Gall-Peters Projection

preserves size but distorts shape

Robinson Projection

preserves size and shape of continents but distorts polar areas

Goodes Projection

interrupted projection removes much of the oceans to preserve size and shape of land masses

Globalization

a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating connectedness across country borders

spatial distrobution

physical locations of geographic phenomena

spatial perspective

looking at where things occur, why they occur where they do, and how places are interconnected

What are the 8 major concepts in geography

1. location

2. human-environment interactions

3. region

4. place

5. movement

6. cultural landscape

7. scale

8. context

human-environment interactions

every human action will create new environmental impacts

environmental determinism

the idea that individual and collective human behavior is fundamentally affected by or even controlled by the physical environment

doctrine of possibilism

the choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and on what tech is available to them

cultural ecology

concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to and alteration of the environment

political ecology

is concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and assumptions

region

an area of earth with a degree of similarity that differentiates it from surrounding areas

formal region

uniform or homogenous

have some unifying physical or human characteristic (language, political system, ethnicity, or faith)

functional region

nodal

have a center of activity and are often unified by transportation or communication networks

perceptual region

vernacular

are images people carry in their minds based on accumulated knowledge of people, places, and things

perceptions of places

is where we have never been through books, movies, stories, and pictures

movement

refers to the mobility of people, goods and ideas

diffusion

the spread of an idea, innovation, or tech from its hearth

time and distance decay

causes time-distance decay in the diffusion process

expansion diffusion

describes an innovation or idea that develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading

contagious diffusion

when expansion diffusion occurs primarily as a result of person to person contact

hierarchical diffusion

starts with knowers and then diffuses through a hierarchy of mostly linked people or places

stimulus diffusion

the process of diffusion where two cultural traits blend to create a distinct trait

relocation diffusion

occurs when an idea or innovation spread from its hearth by the action of people moving and taking it with them

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity on the land

Scale

1. refers to the distance on a map compared to the distance on earth

2. the spatial extent of something

context

the bigger picture in which a human or physical geography phenomenon takes place

Geographers study the ______ ___ _____

why of the where

GIS or geographic info systems

computer system that collects, stores, and analyzes and displays geographic data

remote senseing

info from satellites orbiting earth

satellite nav system

helps provide more specific data about the location of an object using longitude an latitude

8 ways geographers gather data

1. field observations

2. media reports

3. travel narratives

4. policy docs

5. personal interviews

6. landscape analysis

7. photographic interpretation

8. maps

geospatial data

data related to a specific point on the physical earth

cartography

the art and science of making maps

uses of maps

bringing relief to refugees, waging war, promoting political positions, solving medical problems, locating stores, and warning of natural hazards

terra incognita

unknown lands that are sometimes off-limits in a mental map

flows

how different places may interact when info, people, and goods are exchanged

time-space compression

the reduction of time it takes for something to travel somewhere due to our interconnectedness

culture

a group if belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people

culture trait

a single attribute of a culture that can be identified and described (not confined to a single culture)

culture complex

a distinct combo of culture traits

cultural hearth

an area where culture traits develop and diffuse

What is scale analysis?

allows geographers to look at local, regional, country, or global data to see for any generalizations

Global scale

whole world

Regional scale

many countries of the world

national scale

one country

local scale

state, city, or neighborhood

sustainability

actions that provide immediate benefits while also preserving resources for future use

natural resources

items produced in nature that can be used by humans

land use

changing the earth’s surface for a specific purpose

What do we use land use for?

1. agricultural

2. industrial/commercial

3. residential

4. transpositional

5. recreational

What do geographers analyze?

relationships among and between places to reveal important spatial patterns and to explain the processes that shape these patterns.

Human-environmental interact is often called

cultural ecology

What alone can determine the cultural attributes of human societies?

natural factors

What are the five too’s?

1. too hot

2. too cold

3. too wet

4. too dry

5. too mountainous

Possibilism is overcoming…

the 5 toos

The natural environment is still a factor shaping over way of life, HOWEVER

humans have choices and can harness technologies to overcome environmental limitations

What can the global scale help geographers understand?

understand how change in one place on earth may effect somewhere else

What does scale determine?

the level at which we analyze geographic data

The scale someone uses to analyze data can:

inform, change, and influence the decisions and behaviors that people make

Why will geographers analyze different phenomena at various scales?

to see if patterns remain the same or look different depending on scale

Due to certain levels of scales, people can….

draw contradicting conclusions

What are the core areas in regions?

go from dominant and then gradually decreasing to become prevalent, present, and finally absent