Chemistry Canvas Modules

Direct Relationship

As one variable increases, the other variable increases proportionally

• y = kx

• y/x = k

Indirect Relationship

As one variable increases, the other decreases proportionally

• y =k/x

• k = yx

Mega

10^6 x base unit

Kilo

10³ x base unit

Deci

10^-1 x base unit

Centi

10^-2 x base unit

Milli

10^-3 x base unit

Micro

10^-6 x base unit

Nano

10^-9 x base unit

Pico

10^-12 x base unit

meth

1 carbons

eth

2 carbons

prop

3 carbons

but

4 carbons

pent

5 carbons

hex

6 carbons

hept

7 carbons

oct

8 carbons

non

9 carbons

dec

10 carbons

A = P = E

A = atomic number

P = protons

E = electrons

M - A = N

M = mass number

A = atomic number

N = neutrons

Isotopes

same element, diff number of neutrons, same number of protons —> diff masses

Calculate relative atomic mass

(isotope abundance % x isotope mass) + …

How many blocks in the periodic table?

4 blocks: s, p, d, f

Metals

• shiny

• conducts heat and electricity

• malleable

• ductile

Metalloids

• metallic appearance

• brittle

Non-metals

• dull

• poor conductors

• brittle

Alkali metals

group 1

Alkaline earth metals

group 2

Transition metals

d-block (groups 3-12)

Halogens

group 17; highly reactive

Noble gases

group 18; low reactivity

Acetate

CH3COO- or C2H3O2-

Asenate

AsO4 -3

Arsenite

ASO3 -3

Benzoate

C6H5COO-

Borate

BO3 -3

Bromate

BrO3-

Chlorate

ClO3-

Chlorite

ClO2-

Chromate

CrO4 -2

Cyanate

CNO-

Cyanide

CN-

Dichromate

Cr2O7 -2

Dihydrogen Phosphate

H2PO4-

Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

HCO3-

Hydrogen oxalate

HC2O4-

Hydrogen sulfate

HSO4-

Hydrogen Sulfide

HS-

Hydrogen sulfite

HSO3-

Hydroxide

OH-

Hypochlorite

ClO-

Iodate

IO3-

Monohydrogen Phosphate

HPO4 -2

Nitrate

NO3-

Nitrite

NO2-

Orthosilicate

SiO4 -4

Oxalate

C2O4 -2

Perchlorate

ClO4-

Periodate

IO4-

Permanganate

MnO4-

Peroxide

O2 -2

Phosphate

PO4 -3

Pyrophosphate

P2O7 -4

Sulfate

SO4 -2

Sulfite

SO3 -2

Thiocyanate

SCN-

Thiosulfate

S2O3 -2

Ammonium

NH4+

Hydronium

H3O+

Neutralization Rxn

chem rxn where acid and base react to produce salt and water

• acid + base —> salt + h2o

Group 1A Cations and NH4+ (some soluble)

no exceptions

NO3-, ClO -4, CH3COO-, ClO3- (some soluble)

No exceptions

Cl-, Br-, I- (some soluble)

Exceptions: Halides of Ag+, Hg2 2+, Pb2+

SO4 -2 (some soluble)

Exceptions: Sulfates of Sr2+, Ba2+, Hg2 2+, Pb2+

S -2 (some insoluble)

Exceptions: Sulfides of Group 1A cations, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

CO3 -2 (some insoluble)

Exceptions: carbonates of group 1A cations, NH4+

OH- (some insoluble)

Exceptions: Hydroxides of Group 1A cations, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

PO4 -3 (some insoluble)

Exceptions: Phosphates of Group 1A cations and NH4+

Soluble Compounds

• Compounds of Group 1 elements

• ammonium (NH4+) compounds

• chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-), and iodides (I-), except those of Ag+, Hg2 2-, and Pb 2+

• nitrates (NO3-), acetates (CH3CO2-), chlorates (ClO3-), perchlorates (ClO4-)

• sulfates (SO4 -2), except those of Ca 2-, Sr 2+, Ba 2+, Pb 2+, Hg2 2-, Ag +

Insoluble Compounds

• carbonates (Co3 -2), chromates (CrO4 -2), oxalates (C2O4 -2), and phosphates (PO4 -3), except those of the group 1 elements and NH4+

• sulfides (S-2), except those of the group 1 and 2 elements and NH4+

• hydroxides (OH-) and oxides (O -2), except those of the group 1 and 2 elements

HCl hydrochloric acid

strong acid

HBr hydrobromic acid

strong acid

HI hydroiodic acid

strong acid

HNO3 nitric acid

strong acid

HClO4 perchloric acid

strong acid

HClO3 chloric acid

strong acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

strong acid

LiOH lithium hydroxide

strong base

NaOH sodium hydroxide

strong base

KOH potassium hydroxide

strong base

RbOH rubidium hydroxide

strong base

CsOH cesium hydroxide

strong base

Sr(OH)2 strontium hydroxide

strong base

Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

strong base

HCOOH formic acid

Weak acid

CH3COOH acetic acid

weak acid

C6H5COOH benzoic acid

weak acid