Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells

pro - cell (plasma) membrane

regulates what comes in and out of cell

pro - nucleiod

DNA that forms a circle. does NOT wrap around proteins. termed "naked"\---pro

pro - cytoplasm(cytosol)

gel like fluid (mostly water) site of metabolic reactions.

pro - ribosome (70s)

build proteins during translation

pro - plasmid

small, circular DNA shared between bacteria. contains genes for antibiotic resistance

pro - cell wall

provides shape and allows cell to withstand turgor pressure without bursting.

pro - pili

enables cell to attach to surface, swap DNA, and harpoon DNA in the environment.

pro - flagellum

long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

pro - capsule

keeps cell from dehydrating and adhering to surface

eukaryotic structure

"compartmentalized", are animal and plant structures, each cell has its own cell membrane, these compartments allow cells to perform specific functions

euk - nucleus

contains DNA and instructions for protein synthesis. nucleolus where ribosome subunits synthesize. double membranes transcript and transcribe.

euk - ribosome

80s. catalyzes synthesis of polypeptides

euk - 2 subunits of ribosomes

"Free" ribosomes: float around cytoplasm and make proteins for inside the cell

"Bound" ribosomes: attached to rough ER. makes proteins for cell membrane or transport out of the cell

euk - vacuole

store water and maintain cell turgor pressure

euk - mitochondria

produce ATP. have double a membrane. has own DNA.

euk - chloroplasts

produces glucose during photosynthesis. contain light absorbing pigments. has own DNA.

euk - rough ER

synthesis of polypeptides + transportation.

euk - smooth ER

no ribosomes. not involved in protein synthesis. synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol for forming membranes.

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts and packs polypeptides for transport to:

- lysosomes

- plasma membrane in the cell

- cell secretion

euk - centrioles

composed of microtubules in a radial symmetry. arranges mitotic spindles during division. anchor for microtobules in cytoplasm and for cillia/flagella.

euk - cilia and flagella

extensions from cell surface that help with movement.

euk cilia

short, numerous, coordinated movement.

euk flagella

longer, fewer, move alone

Euk Lysosomes

enzymes that work in oxygen poor areas. enzymes digest large molecules to recycle organelles.

euk cytoskeleton

NOT an organelle. maintains cell shape. organizes cell components.

euk cytoskeleton microtubules

made of tubulin, transport + separate chromosomes during mitosis

types of cytoskelton

actin filaments and intermediate filaments

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

perform essential processes of life

prokaryotes

tiny, no membrane bound organelles, binary fission, cell wall with peptidoglycan, DNA in nucleoid, flagella rotates, circular/naked DNA, smaller ribosomes, can have plasmids, unicellular

eukaryotes

bigger, membrane bound organelles, *binary fission, mitosis, meiosis*, cell wall of chitin or cellulose, DNA in nucleus, laterally bent flagella, linear DNA, larger ribosomes, no plasmids, uni or multicellular