1/81
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
acquisition
initial learning
how much time could lapse between the bell and the food
a is the first letter in the alphabet so initial
associative learning
learning that two events occur together
associate is joining together
learning means literal learning
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
ex: learn to expect and prepare for events like food or pain
Pavlov’s dogs
behavioral approach of psychology: external response to external stimuli
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned meaning like coated/changed like hair conditioner
c not first letter in alphabet so not initial stimulus
ex salivation when hear bells
conditioned stimulus
an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being associated with a US
conditioned meaning after
the tone in pavlov
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
meaning differentiate
c for classical conditioning
extinction
the diminishing of a CR when the US does not follow the CS
if Pavlov kept ringing the tone but ever brought out the food, the dogs would salivate less when hearing it
like an animal going extinct
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
like a higher pitched bell in pavlov
general can include many similar things
habituation
an organisms decreasing response to a stimuli with repeated exposure to it
ex: can tune into feeling of clothes on body, or sound of AC unit humming
sensory adaptation is no decision making of tuning in or out, ex: getting used to freezing cold pool
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
ex learn to repeat acts that bring us rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results
opera meaning math so positive or negative reinforcement/punishment
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that naturally/automatically triggers a response
un meaning natural
stimulus means causing, thus response occurs
food in pavlov
unconditioned response (UR)
an unlearned, naturally occurring response to a US
un meaning natural
dogs salivating at food in pavlov
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy
mirror meaning do the same thing
i for imitating
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
control is determining our fate
external is outside forces
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
internal meaning yourself
control meaning determining fate
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
helpless meaning cant help going back to the repeated event
for example a smoker trying to quit but keep failing
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
focused meaning direct
problems cause stress
interactions are key
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction
emotions are normally why people avoid things
tending to emotional needs rather than ignoring them
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
opposite of Applegate
ex meaning outside so from an outside source
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
late meaning it doesn’t show up until later
this happens to me a lot
intrinsic motivation
a desire to performa behavior effectively for its own sake
APPLEGATE!!!!
in meaning inside so for yourself
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
such as blood pressure or muscle tension
bio meaning the body which is physiological
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable is unknown so unset amount of time, ratio meaning numbers so random amounts of responses between reinforcements
for example a slot machine
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
fixed means a set amount of time, and interval meaning time so a response is reinforced after specific amounts of time
for example a paycheck
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
variable meaning unpredictable, time intervals meaning interval because unpredictable sets of time between reinforcements
for example the time waiting for an elevator
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed meaning set, and ratio meaning number to response is being reinforced after a set number of responses
for example customer rewards
negative reinforcment
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforces is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)
negative meaning taking away
like buckling your seatbelt to stop the annoying beeping
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus
such as one that satisfies a biological need
natural is like primary because it is early on
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers, a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
a positive grade strengthens someones happiness
for example verbal praise strengthens a response of that behavior that deserved the praise
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
shaping is like guiding
g for good behavior
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous meaning randomly appearing
recovery meaning coming back
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioned experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
for example an animal that has learned that tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone
also called second-order conditioning
teratogens
monster maker agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
for example chemicals and viruses
gens is people and baby is a person so affects babies/fetuses
assimilation
interpreting out new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
a for already there
many i’s for interpretation
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
think of the eye accommodating to different distances
like changing to accept something new
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in term of their sensory impressions and motor activities
like the sensorimotor cortex
literally the name: understand through SENSes and MOTOR actions
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
have issues with objects being PERMANENt
e for existance
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations to concrete logic
pre meaning before comprehension
p for Piaget
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
conserve meaning stay the same
c for changes but consistent
egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
having a big ego'
e for needs Effort to take others POVs
theory of mind
peoples ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
theory is ideas
mind meaning inside ones head
t for then ones behaviors
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
concrete is stuck just like the information that people can now comprehend
can now think more logically and closer to an adult
formal operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
formal meaning older because you are basically grown ish
f is a weird letter so can now think about more abnormal/abstract concerts logically
self-concept
all out thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
self for ourSELves
concept is grasping an idea, in this case it is who we are
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
social meaning needing other people to learn
learning involved treats and punishments
primary sex characteristics
the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
reproduction is beginning of life so primary
for example ovaries, testes, and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
non reproductive sexual traits
for example female breasts and hips, make voice quality, and body hair
reproduction is beginning of life so primary and non reproductive is second because after reproduction
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events
for example marriage, parenthood and retirement
clock for activities, and a clock is timing
authoritarian parenting
parents impose rules and expect obedience
propose authority
for example “Why? Because I said so” and “don’t interrupt”
permissive parenting
parents submit to children’s desires. they make few demands and use little parenting
permi like permit kids to do things they want
for example letting kids stay out late or keep a messy room
authoritative parenting
parents are both demanding and responsive. they exert control by setting and enforcing rules, but also explain the reasons for rules. and especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions
authority established but allows more give and take (give ends with ive and so does authoritative)
for example setting a curfew but makes an exception for a birthday party that is very far away
positive punishment
a behavior modification technique that involves adding an undesirable consequence to an unwanted behavior. The goal is to make the behavior less appealing and discourage it from happening again
for example spanking when a child throws a tantrum
positive meaning adding and punishment because it helps stop
ecological systems theory
childhood development theory stating that an individuals development is influenced by a series of interconnected environmental systems
e for environment and ecology is rocks which are in environmental
5 systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem
microsystem
things that a child has direct interaction with, and relationships are bi-directional (impact each other)
micro is small so nearby
for example friends and intermediate family
mesosystem
child’s interactions with other mesosystems
for example parent-teacher communication
m meaning multiple microsystems interacting
exosystem
child’s formal and informal social structures
for example parents workplace policies, social, media, social services, extended family
e for extended
macrosystem
cultural ideologies and attitudes impacting the child
macro meaning bigger, like macromolecule
for example gender roles, socioeconomic factors and religious tenets, social norms
chronosystem
shifts and transitions over a child’s lifetime, some are predicted and some are unpredicted
chron meaning time, like chronological
for example starting school, major historical events, the rise of internet
Babinski reflex
an infants natural response where their big toe extends upward and the other toes fan out when the sole of their foot is stroked
bab for baby
b for big toe
i is straight so up
Moro reflex
a newborn infant’s involuntary “startle reflex” where they spread their arms and legs wide when startled by a sudden noise or loss of support, often accompanied by a cry
m for motor, the arms move
m for mwah which sounds like wah which is what it sounds like when babies cry
negative punishment
a type of operant conditioning where a desired stimulus is taken away following an undesirable behavior, with the goal of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior happening again
negative meaning taken away
punishment meaning decreasing likelihood
for example taking away a child’s phone if they are talking back
moratorium
a stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, where an adolescent is actively exploring different identities and options without making a firm commitment to any one path
t for a trying on period
for example a college senior looking and testing out different colleges and majors
m for many options
achievement
the attainment of some goal, or the goal attained
a for attained
for example getting all a’s ad that was one of your goals
adverse childhood experience (ACE)
a collection of potentially traumatic events that occur during childhood, which can have significant long-term impact son a person’s physical and mental health throughout their life
for example abuse, neglect or household disfunction
adverse meaning different or difficult
animism
the belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics
for example has intensions, desires and feelings
anim like inanimate objects
anxious insecure attachment
a type of attachment style where a person experiences a strong fear of rejection or abandonment, leading to behaviors like clinginess, constant need for reassurance, and intense worry about their partners love and commitment, often stemming from inconsistent caregiving in early childhood
a for abandonment
insecure meaning not strong
attachment
the emotional bond between a human infant or a young nonhuman animal and its parent figure or caregiver, it is developed as a step in establishing a feeling of security and demonstrated by calmness while in the parents or caregivers presence
attach meaning like velcro
double t for emphasis on securiTy
avoidant insecure attachment
an attachment style where a child shows little distress when separated from their caregiver and actively avoids contact upon reunion, often appearing indifferent to their caregivers presence, usually stemming from a perceived lack of responsiveness from the caregiver in their early development
→ seem to manage own distress without seeking comfort from attachment figure
avoid like avoid attachment figure
a for attachment figure
biological preparedness
the idea that some associations are easier to learn than others because of our biological predisposition to form them
biological meaning cannot change
prepared meaning it is easier to learn something when you are prepared
diffusion
the process by which knowledge, innovation, language, or cultural characteristics are spread within or between cultures or communities
like cultural diffusion
think of ap world history
disorganized insecure attachment
a type of insecure attachment style that can develop in childhood and continue into adult-hood. It's characterized by a mix of anxious and avoidant behaviors, and is often the result of childhood trauma
dis meaning like bad because of anxiety
insecure because not healthy
foreclosure
a state in identity development where an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options
like foreclosure of a house
close meaning gone
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned, reinforced behavior to gradually return to a more innate behavior
instinct is normally whats comfortable
drift meaning lean to natural ways
law of effect
the principle that consequences of behavior act to modify the future probability of occurrence of that behavior
effect like cause and effect
law meaning principle
reversibility
a mental operation that reverses a sequence of events or restores a changed state of affairs to the original condition
reverse back to original
can go back to normal
secure attachment
the positive parent-child relationship, in which the child display confidence when the parent is present, shows mild distress when the parent leaves and quickly reestablishes contact when the parent returns
secure means good and tight
secure is like they know what they wasn’t and do not relly let things affect them
secondary/conditioned reinforcer
a stage in identity development where an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options
s is solo, not exploring
c for commits
seriation
the process of arranging a collection of items in a specific order (series) on the basis of a particular dimension
for example size
seri for series
strange situation experiment
a standardization procedure to assess the quality of attachment between infants and their primary caregivers by observing their reactions to a series of controlled stressful situations
experiment is controlled
strange is meaning not with caregivers
stranger anxiety
the distress and apprehension experienced by young children when they are around individuals who are unfamiliar to them
i get this a lot
stranger meaning unknown and anxiety is distress
taste aversion
avoidance of a particular taste
a for avoid
taste meaning literal taste, like to food
vicarious conditioning
the process of learning a behavior or response by observing the reactions of others to a stimulus
like observational learning
vic is like a name so learn from vic