unit 5 learning and growing

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82 Terms

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acquisition

initial learning

  • how much time could lapse between the bell and the food

  • a is the first letter in the alphabet so initial

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associative learning

learning that two events occur together

  • associate is joining together

  • learning means literal learning

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classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

  • ex: learn to expect and prepare for events like food or pain

  • Pavlov’s dogs

  • behavioral approach of psychology: external response to external stimuli

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conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

  • conditioned meaning like coated/changed like hair conditioner

  • c not first letter in alphabet so not initial stimulus

  • ex salivation when hear bells

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conditioned stimulus

an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being associated with a US

  • conditioned meaning after

  • the tone in pavlov

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discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

  • meaning differentiate

  • c for classical conditioning

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extinction

the diminishing of a CR when the US does not follow the CS

  • if Pavlov kept ringing the tone but ever brought out the food, the dogs would salivate less when hearing it

  • like an animal going extinct

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generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

  • like a higher pitched bell in pavlov

  • general can include many similar things

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habituation

an organisms decreasing response to a stimuli with repeated exposure to it

  • ex: can tune into feeling of clothes on body, or sound of AC unit humming

  • sensory adaptation is no decision making of tuning in or out, ex: getting used to freezing cold pool

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operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

  • ex learn to repeat acts that bring us rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results

  • opera meaning math so positive or negative reinforcement/punishment

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that naturally/automatically triggers a response

  • un meaning natural

  • stimulus means causing, thus response occurs

  • food in pavlov

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unconditioned response (UR)

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to a US

  • un meaning natural

  • dogs salivating at food in pavlov

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mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy

  • mirror meaning do the same thing

  • i for imitating

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external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

  • control is determining our fate

  • external is outside forces

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internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

  • internal meaning yourself

  • control meaning determining fate

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learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

  • helpless meaning cant help going back to the repeated event

  • for example a smoker trying to quit but keep failing

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problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

  • focused meaning direct

  • problems cause stress

  • interactions are key

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emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction

  • emotions are normally why people avoid things

  • tending to emotional needs rather than ignoring them

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extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

  • opposite of Applegate

  • ex meaning outside so from an outside source

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latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

  • late meaning it doesn’t show up until later

  • this happens to me a lot

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intrinsic motivation

a desire to performa behavior effectively for its own sake

  • APPLEGATE!!!!

  • in meaning inside so for yourself

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biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state

  • such as blood pressure or muscle tension

  • bio meaning the body which is physiological

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variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

  • variable is unknown so unset amount of time, ratio meaning numbers so random amounts of responses between reinforcements

  • for example a slot machine

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fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

  • fixed means a set amount of time, and interval meaning time so a response is reinforced after specific amounts of time

  • for example a paycheck

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variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

  • variable meaning unpredictable, time intervals meaning interval because unpredictable sets of time between reinforcements

  • for example the time waiting for an elevator

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fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

  • fixed meaning set, and ratio meaning number to response is being reinforced after a set number of responses

  • for example customer rewards

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negative reinforcment

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforces is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)

  • negative meaning taking away

  • like buckling your seatbelt to stop the annoying beeping

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primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus

  • such as one that satisfies a biological need

  • natural is like primary because it is early on

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positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers, a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

  • a positive grade strengthens someones happiness

  • for example verbal praise strengthens a response of that behavior that deserved the praise

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shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

  • shaping is like guiding

  • g for good behavior

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spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

  • spontaneous meaning randomly appearing

  • recovery meaning coming back

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higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioned experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

  • for example an animal that has learned that tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

  • also called second-order conditioning

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teratogens

monster maker agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

  • for example chemicals and viruses

  • gens is people and baby is a person so affects babies/fetuses

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assimilation

interpreting out new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

  • a for already there

  • many i’s for interpretation

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accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

  • think of the eye accommodating to different distances

  • like changing to accept something new

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sensorimotor stage

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in term of their sensory impressions and motor activities

  • like the sensorimotor cortex

  • literally the name: understand through SENSes and MOTOR actions

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object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

  • have issues with objects being PERMANENt

  • e for existance

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preoperational stage

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations to concrete logic

  • pre meaning before comprehension

  • p for Piaget

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conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

  • conserve meaning stay the same

  • c for changes but consistent

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egocentrism

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

  • having a big ego'

  • e for needs Effort to take others POVs

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theory of mind

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

  • theory is ideas

  • mind meaning inside ones head

  • t for then ones behaviors

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concrete operational stage

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

  • concrete is stuck just like the information that people can now comprehend

  • can now think more logically and closer to an adult

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formal operational stage

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

  • formal meaning older because you are basically grown ish

  • f is a weird letter so can now think about more abnormal/abstract concerts logically

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self-concept

all out thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

  • self for ourSELves

  • concept is grasping an idea, in this case it is who we are

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social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

  • social meaning needing other people to learn

  • learning involved treats and punishments

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primary sex characteristics

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

  • reproduction is beginning of life so primary

  • for example ovaries, testes, and external genitalia

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secondary sex characteristics

non reproductive sexual traits

  • for example female breasts and hips, make voice quality, and body hair

  • reproduction is beginning of life so primary and non reproductive is second because after reproduction

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social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events

  • for example marriage, parenthood and retirement

  • clock for activities, and a clock is timing

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authoritarian parenting

parents impose rules and expect obedience

  • propose authority

  • for example “Why? Because I said so” and “don’t interrupt”

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permissive parenting

parents submit to children’s desires. they make few demands and use little parenting

  • permi like permit kids to do things they want

  • for example letting kids stay out late or keep a messy room

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authoritative parenting

parents are both demanding and responsive. they exert control by setting and enforcing rules, but also explain the reasons for rules. and especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions

  • authority established but allows more give and take (give ends with ive and so does authoritative)

  • for example setting a curfew but makes an exception for a birthday party that is very far away

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positive punishment

a behavior modification technique that involves adding an undesirable consequence to an unwanted behavior. The goal is to make the behavior less appealing and discourage it from happening again

  • for example spanking when a child throws a tantrum

  • positive meaning adding and punishment because it helps stop

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ecological systems theory

childhood development theory stating that an individuals development is influenced by a series of interconnected environmental systems

  • e for environment and ecology is rocks which are in environmental

  • 5 systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem

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microsystem

things that a child has direct interaction with, and relationships are bi-directional (impact each other)

  • micro is small so nearby

  • for example friends and intermediate family

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mesosystem

child’s interactions with other mesosystems

  • for example parent-teacher communication

  • m meaning multiple microsystems interacting

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exosystem

child’s formal and informal social structures

  • for example parents workplace policies, social, media, social services, extended family

  • e for extended

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macrosystem

cultural ideologies and attitudes impacting the child

  • macro meaning bigger, like macromolecule

  • for example gender roles, socioeconomic factors and religious tenets, social norms

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chronosystem

shifts and transitions over a child’s lifetime, some are predicted and some are unpredicted

  • chron meaning time, like chronological

  • for example starting school, major historical events, the rise of internet

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Babinski reflex

an infants natural response where their big toe extends upward and the other toes fan out when the sole of their foot is stroked

  • bab for baby

  • b for big toe

  • i is straight so up

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Moro reflex

a newborn infant’s involuntary “startle reflex” where they spread their arms and legs wide when startled by a sudden noise or loss of support, often accompanied by a cry

  • m for motor, the arms move

  • m for mwah which sounds like wah which is what it sounds like when babies cry

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negative punishment

a type of operant conditioning where a desired stimulus is taken away following an undesirable behavior, with the goal of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior happening again

  • negative meaning taken away

  • punishment meaning decreasing likelihood

  • for example taking away a child’s phone if they are talking back

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moratorium

a stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, where an adolescent is actively exploring different identities and options without making a firm commitment to any one path

  • t for a trying on period

  • for example a college senior looking and testing out different colleges and majors

  • m for many options

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achievement

the attainment of some goal, or the goal attained

  • a for attained

  • for example getting all a’s ad that was one of your goals

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adverse childhood experience (ACE)

a collection of potentially traumatic events that occur during childhood, which can have significant long-term impact son a person’s physical and mental health throughout their life

  • for example abuse, neglect or household disfunction

  • adverse meaning different or difficult

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animism

the belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics

  • for example has intensions, desires and feelings

  • anim like inanimate objects

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anxious insecure attachment

a type of attachment style where a person experiences a strong fear of rejection or abandonment, leading to behaviors like clinginess, constant need for reassurance, and intense worry about their partners love and commitment, often stemming from inconsistent caregiving in early childhood

  • a for abandonment

  • insecure meaning not strong

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attachment

the emotional bond between a human infant or a young nonhuman animal and its parent figure or caregiver, it is developed as a step in establishing a feeling of security and demonstrated by calmness while in the parents or caregivers presence

  • attach meaning like velcro

  • double t for emphasis on securiTy

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avoidant insecure attachment

an attachment style where a child shows little distress when separated from their caregiver and actively avoids contact upon reunion, often appearing indifferent to their caregivers presence, usually stemming from a perceived lack of responsiveness from the caregiver in their early development

→ seem to manage own distress without seeking comfort from attachment figure

  • avoid like avoid attachment figure

  • a for attachment figure

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biological preparedness

the idea that some associations are easier to learn than others because of our biological predisposition to form them

  • biological meaning cannot change

  • prepared meaning it is easier to learn something when you are prepared

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diffusion

the process by which knowledge, innovation, language, or cultural characteristics are spread within or between cultures or communities

  • like cultural diffusion

  • think of ap world history

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disorganized insecure attachment

a type of insecure attachment style that can develop in childhood and continue into adult-hood. It's characterized by a mix of anxious and avoidant behaviors, and is often the result of childhood trauma

  • dis meaning like bad because of anxiety

  • insecure because not healthy

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foreclosure

a state in identity development where an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options

  • like foreclosure of a house

  • close meaning gone

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instinctive drift

the tendency of learned, reinforced behavior to gradually return to a more innate behavior

  • instinct is normally whats comfortable

  • drift meaning lean to natural ways

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law of effect

the principle that consequences of behavior act to modify the future probability of occurrence of that behavior

  • effect like cause and effect

  • law meaning principle

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reversibility

a mental operation that reverses a sequence of events or restores a changed state of affairs to the original condition

  • reverse back to original

  • can go back to normal

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secure attachment

the positive parent-child relationship, in which the child display confidence when the parent is present, shows mild distress when the parent leaves and quickly reestablishes contact when the parent returns

  • secure means good and tight

  • secure is like they know what they wasn’t and do not relly let things affect them

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secondary/conditioned reinforcer

a stage in identity development where an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options

  • s is solo, not exploring

  • c for commits

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seriation

the process of arranging a collection of items in a specific order (series) on the basis of a particular dimension

  • for example size

  • seri for series

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strange situation experiment

a standardization procedure to assess the quality of attachment between infants and their primary caregivers by observing their reactions to a series of controlled stressful situations

  • experiment is controlled

  • strange is meaning not with caregivers

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stranger anxiety

the distress and apprehension experienced by young children when they are around individuals who are unfamiliar to them

  • i get this a lot

  • stranger meaning unknown and anxiety is distress

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taste aversion

avoidance of a particular taste

  • a for avoid

  • taste meaning literal taste, like to food

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vicarious conditioning

the process of learning a behavior or response by observing the reactions of others to a stimulus

  • like observational learning

  • vic is like a name so learn from vic