anatomy exam 1

postmenstrual age

gestational + chronological age

when does pma start?

1st day of last menstrual period

when is conception?

middle of ga

when is birth?

btwn ga + ca

when does corrected age start?

day of expected delivery (early middle ca)

when does pma end?

date of assessment

cytogenesis

origin of cells thru multiplication, differentiation, programmed cell death

histogenesis

origin of tissues thru orientation, interconnection, migration

organogenesis

origin of organs thru blending of tissues into organ systems

what are the basic processes of embryology?

cytogenesis, histogenesis, organogenesis

conception day 1

ga: 2 wks
-gametes fuse to form zygotes

what are the trimesters?

1: 0-13 wks
2: 14-24 wks
3: 28-40+ wks

3 wks after fertilization

ga: 5 wks
-embryonic disc develops from polar mass

-amniotic cavity

what are the layers of embryonic disc?

1. endoderm: viscera, digestive + resp systems

2. mesoderm: muscles, blood, bones, other connective tissues

3. ectoderm: nervous system, skin, membranes

pharyngeal arches

ga: ~ 5wks

-6 arches but 5 is transient

-structures of face, jaw, ear, larynx, pharynx, airway, cranial nerves

neural stage

ga: ~ 4-6 wks

-nervous system develops

general development

ga: ~ 8-9 wks

-heart starts beating

-nutrition from placenta

-o2 to embryo diffused from blood

-start of face, ears, lungs

-hard palate closes (soft palate closes @ ~ 10 wks)

ventricular system

-ventricles

-cerebrospinal fluid (csf): protection, nutrition, waste removal

-occurring throughout 1st trimester

-complete @ ~ 8 wks ga

ventricle

cavity

hydrocephalus

abnormal buildup of csf inside brain that puts harmful pressure on brain

fetus

ga: 11 wks

1st trimester

-muscles controlled by brain w/ movement

-facial development, larynx (voice box), bones, toes, fingers

-jaw grows + tongue descends

-swallowing

-neurons start to develop

what age can preemies survive?

-ga: 29-30 wks (full organ development)

-24 wks: ~ 50% survival

-25 wks: > 80% survival (1.5 lb)

2nd trimester

-reflexes (sucking, breathing)
-patent (open) upper airway (fetus still gets o2 from blood)
-myelination of spinal cord, cranial nerves start
-ears + hearing

-lungs formed but filled w/ fluid (o2 from umbilical cord)

-neuronal development (develop, migrate + differentiate, aggregate, connect, competition + elimination)

neonatal stage

-lungs inflate + ventilate

-ductus arteriosus (btwn aorta + pulmonary artery) closes

-assessment via apgar score

3rd trimester

-eyes

-larynx in position

-sulci (lateral sulci sig for lang)

-coordination of breathing + swallowing

-likely to survive outside womb

-kick, stretch, grasp

-bones hardening except skull

air pressure

force exerted on walls of lungs by air

pressure calculation

force/area

boyle’s law

given gas of constant temp:

-if volume decreases, pressure increases (positive pressure)

-vice versa

how does the cycle of equalizing pressure inside + outside of lungs work?

if pressure is (-), air is entering + vice versa

resp systems divisions

1. chest wall

-thorax (bony, visceral)

-abdomen (muscles)

2. pulmonary system

-upper airway: vocal folds, larynx, + above

-lower airway: trachea, lungs

types of ribs

1-7: true (articulate w/ sternum directly thru cartilage)

8-10: fake (join 7 indirectly thru cartilage)

11-12: floating (have free ventral endings)

where do spinal nerves run?

intervertebral foramina

where do vertebral artery + vein run?

transverse foramina of c1-7

c1

-no spinous process

-larger facet for skull

-larger vertebral foramen (blood courses alongside rest of vertebrae)

foramen

hole

facet

where bones fit on top of each other

what do the sacrum + coccyx provide?

stability + support

pectoral (shoulder) girdle

point of attachment to vertebral column

pelvic girdle

point of attachment of lower body to vertebral column

soft tissues

-protection

-warm + humidify air

-produce voice

trachea

-hyaline cartilage rings

-lined w/ ciliated epithelium + mucus

-terminal bronchioles comm w/ alveolar ducts

alveoli

-lined w/ simple epithelium (type i cells)

-type ii cells make surfactant (helps us breathe + maintain lung tension)

-surfactant decreases surface tension

-site of gas exchange - big blood supply

why are lungs spongy + elastic?

passive mechanical forces (tissue elasticity)

parietal pleurae location

borders everything surrounding lungs

what’s in the intrapleural space?

mucous solution (pleural linkage)

what is intrapleural pressure maintained by?

surface tension

resp muscles function

move ribcage

diaphragm

-when it contracts: pushes sides of ribs, pulls lungs down/out

-moves abdominal wall, lower ribs, lungs

-draws air into bronchi

-mostly autonomic, controlled by phrenic nerves (part of spinal nerve system)

diaphragm pleural lining function

facilitates air movement

passive inspiration used when

sitting, laying

active inspiration used when

speech, walking, running

external intercostal helps w/

forced inspiration

internal intercostal helps w/

forced expiration (except intercartilaginous/interchondrial portion which is for forced inspiration)

intercostals

-innervated by thoracic spinal nerves

-aided by upper arm muscles

forced expiration muscles

-thoracic: draws ribs down

>anterolateral

>>internal intercostals

>>transversus thoracis

>>innermost intercostals

>posterior

>>subcostals

>>serratus posterior inferior

-abdominal

>anterolateral

>posterior

abdomen boundaries

-ventral border: abdominal aponeurosis

-linea alba starts @ xiphoid process

-linea semilunaris

-dorsal border: lumbodorsal fascia

abdominal muscles attach to

-aponeuroses
-pelvic girdle bones

-vertebral column

-sternum

-ribs

anterolateral abdominal group functions

-flex vertebral column

-enclose + support abdominal contents
-compress contents w/ vertebral column held rigid

-pull ribs down

what type of nerves controls breathing?

spinal, intercostal, cn x1

gas exchange

resp

what do cells need for breathing?

oxygenated blood from lungs

ventilation

movement of air

where is air distributed to?

alveoli (@ ends of bronchioles)

perfusion

blood flow (to alveolar capillaries for resp)

diffusion

gas exchange (btwn alveoli + capillaries (air to blood) for resp)

1 respiratory cycle

-adults: 12-18 cycles/min
-neonates: 40-70/min

-can be measured in volume of air

tidal volume

-breathing w/o effort

-range: 450-600ml in adults

reserve volume

additional volume that can be inhaled/exhaled after tidal

which reserve volume is larger?

inspiratory

residual volume

-left after max exhalation

-resp still occurs in it

vital capacity

max volume that can be inhaled after max exhalation (available for speech)

functional residual capacity

left after passive exhalation

anatomical dead space

-extra internal volume of upper airways w/ no gas exchange

-nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

inspiratory capacity

most we can inhale after passive exhalation

total capacity

-all resp volumes

-stays abt same in particular person but other volumes + capacities can shift

factors that can impact resp

exercise, age, hormones, smoking

resp system pressures

alveolar, intrapleural, subglottal, intraoral, atmospheric

what happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?

decreases

lung compliance

willingness to move

how do volumes + capacities change w/ age?

-reserve volumes decrease

-residual volume increases

tissue pressures

recoil + gravity + torque

torque

ribs twist inward during expiration

what prevents lung collapse

(-) intrapleural pressure + surfactant

phonation

-constant supply of subglottal pressure to drive vocal folds

-needs enough pressure under glottis (space btwn folds)

-need 3-5 cm of water to move folds

-conversational speech takes 7-10 cm of water

speech

-at/> 50% vc: use inspiratory muscles to maintain pressure
-< 50%: use expiratory muscles to make enough pressure

how does pressure act for syllabic stress?

-rapid changes

-increased subglottal pressure ~ 2 cm of water to increase stress

-use inspiratory + expiratory accessory muscles

anatomy

study of structures

physiology

study of functions

anatomical position

standing up, facing forward, palms forward

prone

on belly

supine

on back

coronal

divides front + back

transverse

divides top + bottom

sagittal/lateral

divides left + right

superior vs inferior

top vs bottom

dorsal vs ventral

back vs front

rostral vs caudal

area in front of face vs tail area

units of body comp

organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells

tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscular, neural