Studied by 4 people
questions for anemia
-Are pets on any medication? -Any blood loss detected? -Any fleas or ticks? -Has cat been tested for FeLV or FIV? -Has pet been vaccinated recently? -Has female been given any mismating shots?
regenerative anemia
-bone marrow is responding appropriately -extra-marrow causes
Nonregenerative anemia
-bone marrow is not responding appropriately -caused by chronic renal disease, inflammatory disease
anemia clinical signs
-pale gums -exercise intolerance -tachycardia -possible jaundice -anorexia -heart murmur
reticulocytes and polychromasia
What are some things that can be evaluated to aid in the diagnosis of anemia?
how kidney disease leads to anemia
kidney doesn't produce erythropoietin to stimulate a bone marrow response
Mycoplasma hemofelis
What blood borne parasite is a common cause of anemia in cats?
extracellular and intracellular
What are the 2 forms of Cytauxzoon?
Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
What tick is responsible for transmitting Babesia canis?
hemolysis
What happens to to dogs RBCs that are infected with Babesia canis?
onion toxicity
What is the most common cause of Heinz body anemia in dogs?
cats
Who are most suspectible to Heinz body anemia?
less stable hemoglobin
Why are cats more prone to Heinz body anemias?
thrombocytopenia
What is the most common cause for spontaneuous bleeding in dogs?
decreased circulating platelets
-decreased production -increased consumption -increased destruction -increased sequestration
immune mediated hemolytic anemia
what does IMHA stand for?
IMHA
-antibody driven disease -primary and secondary -diagnosed with CBC or Coomb's test
IMHA treatment
-improve oxygenation -managing immune response
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
This is when platelets are attacked by the immune system
IMT clinical signs
-petechia and ecchymotic hemorrhages on skin and mucosal surfaces -weakness -lethargy
thrombocytopenia
What is the most common clinical sign for ehrlichiosis?
Ehrlicia treatment
-not all positive dogs are infected or will progress to the chronic phase -treatment may not eliminate infection -reinfection can still occur -treatment of healthy dogs may result in antimicrobial resistance
serology
What is the best way to diagnose Ehrlichia?
Coomb's test
-visual indication that antigens are bound to the blood cell -helps us diagnose Ehrlichiosis and IMHA -agglutination indicates problem with the immune system
Von Willebrand Disease
-bleeding in patient with normal platelet count -types 1-3 -dobermans most commonly affected -genetic condition that can be passed down -surgical patients may need pre and post-op transfusions, cage monitoring for 24 hours, and rest
vWD type 1
low concentration of von Willebrands factors
vWD type 2
low concentration of abnormal factor
vWD type 3
abscence of von Willebrands factors
Dobermans
Who is most commonly affected by vWD?
vWD surgical considerations
-pre-op transfusions -post-op cage rest and 24 hour monitoring -may need at least one post op transfusion
BMBT
small incision made in mucosa above premolars to check for normal clotting time
less than 4 minuets
What is the normal BMBT for dogs?
less than 3.3 minuets
What is the normal BMBT for cats?
5-10 minuets
What is the normal BMBT for type 1 vWD?
>12 minuets
What is the normal BMBT for type 2-3 vWD?
improve the quality of life
What is the goal for Lymphoma patients?
No
Is lymphoma curable?
cytology
What is the best method for diagnosis of lymphoma?
FNA or biopsy
How is the sample collected for cytology to diagnose lymphoma?
types of lymphoma
-mediastinal -alimentary -multicentric
positive
What is the FeLV status for patients with mediastinal and multicentric lymphomas?
negative
What is the FeLV status for patients with alimentary lymphoma?
enlarged peripheral LN
What is the most common clinical finding for dogs with lymphoma?
FIV
-infection that disrupts immune system function -outdoor, free roaming, intact male cats are most at risk -transmitted through bites and body fluids -acute, subclinical, and clinical phases -should be microchipped after vaccination because vaccinations will cause false positives on tests
bites/body fluids
How is FIV transmitted?
DIC
excessive intravascular coagulation that leads to multisystem organ failure
DIC causes
-heat stroke -GDV -heart failure -IMHA -infectious diseases -pancreatitis -shock -venom -IMTP -heartworms
bleeding from venipuncture sites
What is the most notable clinical sign that could clue your patient was in DIC?
PTT
Which coagulation test is more sensitive for detecting DIC?
DIC treatment
-aggressive treatment for primary disease -maintain tissue perfusion and oxygenation -heparin
rodenticide poisoning
-dyspnea -bleeding -hematoma -muffled heart and lung sounds -pale MM -lethargy -depression
reduction in vit K-1
What causes rodenticide clinical signs?
rodenticide poisoning treatment
-emetics -vitamin K-1 -whole blood or plasma
IV K-1
Which route of the antidote for rodenticide poisoning can result in anaphylaxis?
immunity
________________ is a defense against or resistance to, contagious diseases
species resistance
_______________ _____________ refers to the genetic ability of a particular species to provide defense against certain pathogens
inflammation characteristics
-pain -redness -swelling -heat
true
true or false: the goals of inflammation are to kill the pathogens, remove the tissue debris, and repair damaged tissues
interferon
a substance that interferes with a virus's ability to cause disease by preventing it from replicating within the host
complement
binds to the invading cell, makes small holes in the cell membrane, and causes the cell to rupture
macrophage
________ will attach to foreign substances and take it to the T-cell
b-cells
mediate the production of antibodies in response to an antigen
false
true or false: each antibody produced is specific for up to 3 different antigens
inherited
___________ immunity is a result of genetic factors that influence that developing animals before birth
acquired
______________ immunity is a resistance that develops after an animal is born
passive
___________ immunity is when antibodies are formed in one animal and transferred to another animal that is not infected. This transfer provides the uninfected animal with protection against the pathogen
True
True or False: Artificial immunity is usually due to deliberate exposure with vaccinations
cell mediated immunity
T cell lymphocytes are associated with?
80,000
What reticulocyte count in the dog indicates a regenerative reponse?
60,000
What reticulocyte count in the cat indicates a regenerative response?
False
True or False: An absolute reticulocyte count greater than 80,000 in the cat and 60,000 in the dog indicates a regenerative response
high, low
a ____________ reticulocyte count indicates a regenerative anemia, and a _______ recticulocyte count indicates a non regenerative anemia
IDA
An 8 week old puppy is brought in for lethargy and not eating well. He has pale gums, and a large number of hook worms on fecal float. The CBC confirms anemia. Which type of anemia is most likely affecting this puppy?
decreased production
Of the causes of thrombocytopenia, which one is most common in cats?
increased destruction
Of the causes of thrombocytopenia, which is the most common in the dog?
T
T/F: In immune mediated thrombocytopenia, platelets are coated with antibodies or complements. This causes destruction of them. This destruction can occur in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver
F
T/F: All seropositive dogs are treated for Ehrlichia
Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time (BMBT)
What is the simple in-house test we can use to help us to detect von Willebrand's disese?
Type 1
Which type of vWD is administration of desmopressin acetate effective?
t
t/f: When talking about feline lymphoma, the best method of diagnosis is cytology, and the best way to obtain a sample is either FNA or surgical biopsy
most affected by FIV
intact, outdoor, free roaming males aged 6-8 years
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
You have a patient presenting for GDV. You do a blood draw for baseline values. You come back and notice the site is still bleeding from the venipuncture. What condition should you be concerned about?
apomorphine
What is the name of emetic we can give dogs that have recently ingested rat bait?
Note 
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