Practical #3 Study Guide Bio 105 Lab

Asexual Reproduction

One parent producing offspring that are identical to the parent

Pros of Asexual Reproduction

• simple procedure

• does not need as much energy, mobility, time, or a mate like sexual reproduction

Cons of Asexual Reproduction

• makes identical offspring

• identical offspring decreases diversity, chances of adaptation and evolution, passes on mutations, and can lead to overcrowding

Asexual Reproduction Example: Budding

• A parent makes copes of its genetic material within new cells and grows small “buds” from its body

• These “buds” enlarge little by little until a new organism is fully formed

What are examples of Budding?

• Unicellular yeast

• Multicellular hydra

Budding in Yeast

Budding in Hydra

Asexual Reproduction Example: Spore Formation

Produces many haploid spores that germinate into offspring

What is an example of spore formation

Penicillium

Spore formation in Penicillium

Asexual Reproduction Example: Binary Fission

The parent cell copies its chromosome, elongates, and then divides into two equal parts, creating two offspring

Examples of Binary Fission

• Bacteria (such as E. coli)

• Amoeba

Binary Fission in Amoeba

Binary Fission in Bacteria

Asexual Reproduction Example: Fragmentation

• The breaking off of a piece of a multicellular organism

• Each broken piece will generate enough new cells to make an entirely new organism

Examples of Fragmentation

• Starfish (seastars)

• Planaria

Fragmentation in Planaria

Fragmentation in Starfish/Seastars

Asexual Reproduction Example: Plant Tissue Culture (laboratory technique)

Scientists are able produce multiple offspring from a small portion of the parent plant

Pros/Uses of Plant Tissue Culture

• Increase the food supply

• Duplicate new varieties of plants

• Duplicate disease-free or pest-resistant plants

• Preserve endangered plants

• Preserve crops that are seedless

• Make plant metabolites for use in medicine

• Lumber

Plant Tissue Culture in Test Tubes (Asexual Reproduction)

Plant Tissue Culture Process (Asexual Reproduction)

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two parents contributing genetic material to produce unique offspring

Major steps of sexual reproduction

• Fertilization

• Meiosis

Fertilization in Sexual Reproduction

fusion of 2 haploid (n) individuals resulting in a diploid (2n) zygote

Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction

chromosomal division of diploid (2n) zygote resulting in haploid (n)

Pro of Sexual Reproduction

This form of reproduction produces genetically unique individuals which promotes survival of a population by increasing genetic diversity

Cons of Sexual Reproduction

• Process requires two parents

• A lot of time and energy

• Does not produce as much offspring as asexual reproduction

Gonads on Sea Star Model (Sexual Reproductive Structure)

Teste and Ovary on Hydra Model (Sexual Reproductive Structure)

Female Reproductive System (Sexual Reproductive Structure)

Male Reproductive System (Sexual Reproductive Structure)

Flower, Fruits, and Seeds Model of Parts (Sexual Reproductive Structure)

Tapeworm Hermaphrodite Model of Parts (Sexual Reproductive Structure)

Premature Hermaphrodite Models and Parts (Sexual Reproductive Structures)

Cloning (Reproductive Technology)

• somatic cell nucleus implantation into an anucleate egg

• Result: identical offfspring

Pros of Cloning

• Making antibiotics

• Making insulin

• Improving recovery time

Cons of Cloning

• Reduced lifespan

• Unethical to some — eugenics

• Time-consuming

• low success rate in complex organisms

In-Vitro Fertilization (Reproductive Technology)

• egg and sperm combined on a Petri dish

• Result: Unique offspring

Pros of In-Vitro Fertilization

• Genetic diversity

• Treat infertility

• People in a high risk profession can have children if they pass away prematurely (ex: soldiers, policemen, etc.)

Cons of In-Vitro Fertilization

• Multiple pregnancy

• Expensive

Human Genome Project Benefits

• The Human Genome Project mapped all human genes, helping scientists understand how DNA controls traits

• It allows easier identification of Mendelian genetic disorders and improves DNA analysis in labs, making genetic studies more accurate and faster

Gene Testing in Human Genome Project

• The Human Genome Project enabled precise gene testing by identifying locations of genes linked to Mendelian traits.

• This helps detect genetic mutations causing inherited disorders and supports DNA analysis in the lab to study how traits are passed down

Complementary Nitrogenous Base Pairing in DNA (Pairs)

• Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)

• Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)

Complementary Nitrogenous Base Pairing Definition

The specific way that nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder

Complementary Nitrogenous Base Pairing Explanation in relation to bonds

The pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds, ensuring accurate DNA replication and proper genetic information transfer

DNA Model

Homozygous

Contains both dominant or both recessive alleles (BB or bb)

Heterozygous

Contains one dominant and one recessive allele (Bb)

Karyotype

homologous chromosomes matched by size, shape, and banding pattern; used to determine genetic diseases by aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes, ex: Down syndrome, which is caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21)

Homologous Chromosomes

Structurally identical pair of chromosomes containing alleles of the same genes at corresponding locations; one received from each parent

Karyotyping visual

Sex-Linked Punnett Squares

• These Punnett Squares ALWAYS include the sex chromosomes

• Female: XX

• Male: XY

Colorblindness (a sex-linked trait) will never be found on the ____

“Y” chromosome

Sex-linked traits are only found on the ___ , or the ____ pair

sex chromosome, 23rd

Traits like ___ , ____, or ____ can be found on both males and females in equal rates. These traits are not sex-linked.

height, hair color, or eye color

Colorblindness is sex-linked and carried on the ____ chromosome.

“X”

_____ trait codes for colorblindness (Dominant is normal vision)

Recessive

Phenotype and Genotype Chart for Colorblindness

The phenotype of colorblindness is present when both ___ chromosomes (on females) or one ____ chromosome (on males) are affected.

“X” , “X”

Hemophilia Punnett Square Example

Blood Type Chart

Agglutination/Clumping with Blood Typing Slide

Blood typing is NOT _____ — do not include sex chromosomes

sex-linked

Blood Typing Punnett Square Example

Phenotypes and Genotypes with Blood Types Chart

Anitgens vs. Antibodies in Blood Types

Colorblindness Sex-Linked Punnett Square Example

Karyotypes Review

Punnett Square Walkthrough

Simple Mendelian Cross/Terms

Steps for solving genetic problems

Kingdom Monera

• Unicellular

• Prokaryotic

• Some are autotrophs, but most are heterotrophs

• Asexual reproduction — mostly binary fission

• Size

• Shape (cocci (spherical) , bacilli, (rod-shaped), and (spirilla) spiral))

• have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan

• Ex: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

• Microscopic in size

Kingdom Monera Gram Stain

• Gram positive - purple

• Gram negative - red

Examples of Microscopic Kingdom Monera

going left to right: gram negative bacilli, gram positive cocci, gram negative spirilla

Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic

• Mostly unicellular

• Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs

• Can be divided into three groups:

  • Algae — autotrophs

  • Slime molds —- heterotrophs (absorb nutrients)

  • Protozoans —- heterotrophs (ingest nutrients)

Algae

• Cell wall made of cellulose

• Unicellular/multicellular

• Microscopic/macroscopic

• Found in freshwater/marine environments

Pictures of Algae

Slime molds

no chitin cell wall like that of fungi

Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Mostly multicellular (yeast are unicellular)

• Heterotrophic (parasitic (feeds off of a live host) or saprophytic (feeds off of a dead host) )

• cell wall composed of chitin

• Ex: Mold, Mildew, Yeast

Slime mold photo

Protozoans

• Form of locomotion

  • Cilia, pseudopods, flagella

• Can include human pathogens

  • Ex: giardia

Protozoan Paramecium

Protozoan Euglena

Protozoan Amoeba

Kingdom Fungi continued…

Pictures of Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Autotrophic: cells contain chloroplast, the site of photosynthesis

• Cell walls composed of cellulose

• Store food as starch

• May be vascular or non-vascular

• Some produce seeds during reproduction

  * Exceptions: moss and fern

Vascular vs. Non Vascular

• Possess specialized tissue for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic materials throughout the plant body

  • Vascular - anything generally w/ true roots and the system of xylem and phloem

    • Xylem — water transport

    • Phloem — “food” / organic molecules transport

• Nonvascular — no true roots, no xylem or phloem

Xylem and Phloem Diagram

Branched vs. Parallel Veins (Examine the veins on the underside of their leaves)

• Branched veins: branched/separate veins on leaf

• Parallel veins: parallel lines on leaf

Some scientists believe plants evolved from _____.

algae

Plants and algae both:

1. Starch storage

2. Cellulose call wall

3. Photosynthetic

Moss (Representative Species)

non-vascular, produces spores

Ferns (Representative Species)

produces spores, vascular

• brown dots on underside of leaf

Conifers/Gymnosperms (Representative Species)

plants that use cones for seed dispersal, vascular

Flowering plants/Angiosperms (Representative Species)

flower ensures fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit for seed dispersal, vascular

Leaf characteristics

Lobed vs. non-lobed leaves

• simple lobed leaf: clusters for each vein

• non-lobed leaf: parallel pattern, lack distinct indentations or lobes along leaf margin

Kingdom Animalia

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Heterotrophic

• No cell wall or chloroplasts

• Motile

• Primarily sexual reproduction

• Period of embryonic development