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division of labor
specialization of individuals into different tasks in an economic system or organization
labor market
the process through which workers and employers find each other, no single labor market, different occupations have their own
changes in manufacturing jobs and professional services between 1910 and 2015
manufacturing jobs declined (32% to less than 9%)
professional services increased (3% to 29%)
how has these occupations changed
skilled labor force
service and sales/clerical jobs
professional occupations
declined
increased
increased
post-industrial society
economic growth is not generated by producing goods but by knowledge and professional expertise
gig economy
jobs like Uber, Lyft, TaskRabbit, DoorDash, etc.
1 in 6 workers in the US
describe changes to self-employment
traditional self employment decreased but others have increased including
professional frelancers
low-income, marginal informal self-employment (ex: in-home childcare)
companies are outsourcing their labor
labor process
how jobs are organized and controlled by managers and bosses from above
Fredrick Taylor
introduced principles of “scientific management” that inspired modern managerial organization of the labor process
sought to make the labor process more efficient by studying each minute movement of workers
Harry Braverman
to maximize profits, capitalist firms are continually driven to reduce employees’ ability to control what they do on the job
deskilling
deskilling
jobs are made simpler and workers become interchangeable
skill-based technological change hypothesis
argues that technological changes since 1970s increased demand for high-skilled workers and wages they could command
telecommuting
white-collar workers performing their jobs from home
how has union popularity changed
unions are getting less popular (35% in 1950 to 10% now)
two key factors to how employees do in the US
role of unions - some nations have stronger regulations protecting unions, gives workers greater power to negotiate
government regulations - can do some things unions can do (ex: regulating hours, overtime pay)
how does the US compare with government regulations to other nations
relatively weak
worst provisions for maternity leave
