LOGIC PRELIMS

love of wisdom

philosophy literally means

knowledge

tells us what we know

wisdom

asks what we should do with what we know

bittle

science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes and principles acquired by human reason

pinon

science of things by their ultimate principles and causes as known by reason alone

philosophy

is the systematic use of reason to examine reality, knowledge, values, existence, and the ultimate reasons behind things.

natural reason and human reasoning

philosophy investigate using ———-rather than laboratory equipment or divine revelation

metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, logic

branches of philosophy

metaphysics

the study of being and existence in its most general form

cosmology

• the study of the origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate of the universe

• deals with how reality is organized, how it operates as a whole and where it came from

ontology

• the study of being as being what exists and what kinds of things exist

• deals with the categories, nature, and structure of fundamental reality

theodicy

• study of god’s goodness in the presence of evil

• deals with reconciling the existence of an all good, all powerful god with the reality of suffering and in-justice

epistemology

• the study of knowledge - its nature, origin, limits, and validity

• deals with what knowledge is, how we acquire it and how we know what is true

ethics

• the study of moral principles and right conduct

• deals with what is good, what is bad and human beings ought to live and treat one another

aesthetics

• the study of beauty, art, taste and sensory perception

• deals with the nature of beauty, personal, judgement, and how we experience the world through our senses

logic

• the study of correct reasoning and valid arguments

• deals with the principles methods and structures used to distinguish sound reasoning from fallacies

st. thomas aquinas

• perfect happiness is ultimately found in union with God.

• Intellectual Synthesis: Using reason to know and

unite with ultimate Truth.

st. augustine

• Humanity is created by God and that God is the supreme good; happiness is ultimately found in God.

voluntarism

Directing the heart’s love toward the Creator

socrates

-know thyself

-connects knowledge and virtue: ignorance is vice

self examination: uncovering truth through questioning

plato

• true happiness is connected to virtue and wisdom

• Virtue allows the person to discipline bodily imperfections and attain happiness, with perfect happiness associated with virtue, wisdom, and true knowledge.

• Tripartite Soul: Reason controlling desire to see absolute Truth.

aristotle

• virtue lies between two extremes

• associated happiness with acting according to reason and living what is good.

• observation and balance: choosing the logical middle between extremes

confucius

• Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you

• emphasizing harmony, reason, social relationships, and the Golden Rule

• Relational Ethics: Fulfilling duties to others via the Golden Rule

karl max

What happens when society is economically unequal? conflict between the poor/ proletariat and the wealthy/ bourgeoisie and his vision of a classless society

karl max

What happens when society is economically unequal? conflict between the poor/ proletariat and the wealthy/ bourgeoisie and his vision of a classless society

logos

• logic comes from the greek word ——associated with thought, word, speech or science

• It defines Logic as the science of principles, laws, and methods governing thinking for accurate attainment of truth, and as the formal and systematic study of correct thinking.

reasoning

is the process of moving from what we already know toward a conclusion.

content

what the argument says

form

how the argument is structured

valid but unsound

valid + false premise

sound

valid + true premise

formal logic

focuses on the structure or form of an argument

informal logic

Examines arguments in everyday language and real-life situations, including whether the reasoning is reasonable and whether there are fallacies.

symbolic/mathematical logic

Uses symbols to represent statements and their logical relationships

logic

is strictly a tool for structural integrity. Its entire job is to evaluate whether your conclusion logically follows from your starting points.

empirical science

(like nutrition, biology, and chemistry) checks the factual truth of the dat

george boole

Developed an algebraic/ mathematical system for Logic, now associated with Boolean algebra.

gottlob frege

Developed a powerful formal system for symbolic Logic and helped establish modern mathematical logic

kurt godel

Demonstrated important limits of formal mathematical/ logical systems through his incompleteness theorems.