Ms. Cezar's Topic - Introduction to Nursing

Theory

an organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of concepts, propositions, definitions, and assumptions intended to explain a set of facts, events, or phenomena.

Theory

it is essential for discipline.

Concepts, Propositions, Assumptions, and Definitions (CPAD)

A theory is comprised of

Theory (according to Chinn and Kramer, 1991)

Creative or rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful, and systemic view of phenomena.

Theory

Various set of knowledge collected from time upon time of concepts correlating to each other?

(1) Correlate ideas creatively (2) Logical and Factual (3) Should be simple but broad (4) Source of Hypotheses (5) Contribute in enriching the general body of knowledge (6) Used by practitioners to enhance their practice (7) Must be consistent, branched, and correlated.

Characteristics of a Theory

Concepts

Ideas formulated by the mind or an experience perceived and observed.

Propositions

Explains the relationships of different concepts

Definition

Composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduce the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts.

Assumptions

A statement that specifies the relationship or connection of factual concepts or phenomena.

Concepts

Originates from an idea.

Propositions

A form or construct of values or ideas.

Propositions

A cluster of ideas that would be defined.

Definition

The cluster of different factual ideas are given meaning.

Assumption

Once the propositions are defined, they are tested whether or not they are applicable.

Assumptions

Must be based on facts.

CPAD → Systematically Organized → THEORY → View → Phenomena

The Relationship of Concepts, Propositions, Assumptions, and Definitions with Theory and Phenomena

Nursing According to American Nursing Association

“diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems”

American Nursing Association

What is ANA?

Nursing According to the International Council of Nurses

“autonomous and collaborative care of individuals, families, and groups and communities, sick or well in all settings…”

International Council of Nurses

What is ICN?

Nursing According to Henderson

“to assist clients in the performance of activities contributing to health, its recovery or peaceful death that clients will perform unaided, if they had the necessary will, strength, or knowledge.”

Nursing According to ADPCN

“ it is an art and a science of caring for individuals, families, groups, and communities geared towards promotion and restoration of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering and assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace…”

Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing

What is ADPCN?

(1) Scientific Laws, (2) Hypothesis, (3) Theory

Principles of Theory Development

Scientific Laws

statement of facts meant to describe an action or set of actions.

Scientific Laws

accepted at face value based upon the fact that they have always been observed to be true.

Scientific Laws

It must be simple, true, universal, and absolute

Hypothesis

Educated guess based upon observation.

Hypothesis

It has not been proven yet.

Hypothesis

The statement must be tested.

Theory

Valid and true based on evidences.

Theory

One or more hypotheses that explains a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by separate groups of researchers.

Nursing Theory

concepts of knowledge regarding nursing and aims to view the essence of nursing care.

Nursing Theory

A Nursing Theory conceptualizes an aspect of nursing to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing care.

A body of educated women at a time when women were neither educated nor employed in public service.

Nightingale envisioned nurses as:

Theory

Composed of concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions which explain a phenomenon.

Phenomenon, Concept, Definition, Assumption

Components of a Theory

Phenomenon

Describes an idea or responses about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events or a group of situations.

Concept

Helps describe or label phenomena.

Definition

Used to communicate general meaning of the concepts of the theory.

Assumption

Explains the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships and structure of a theory.

Metaparadigm

came from the greek terms “meta” - with, and “paradeigma” - pattern

“meta” - with, “paradeigma” - pattern

The Greek terms of Metaparadigm

Person, Environment, Health, Nursing

Nursing Metaparadigms (cannot be interchanged)

Person

The recipient of nursing care like individuals, families, and communities.

Person

passive recipient of care

Environment

The external and internal aspects of life that influenced the person.

Ventilation, Warmth, Noise, Light, Cleanliness

Nightingale’s focus on physical environment

Health

The holistic level of wellness that the person experiences.

Nursing

The interventions of the nurse rendering care in support of, or in cooperation with the client.

Nursing

The art of caring as a science, profession, and philosophy.

Nursing Metaparadigms

embodies the knowledge base, theory, philosophy, research, practice, and educational experience and literature identified with the profession.

Circle, to signify that it is a continuous process.

What is the shape of the model circle? And why is it as is?

Philosophy

the next knowledge after metaparadigm; specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts in each conceptual models of nursing

Philosophy

sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical argument

Philosophy

often the foundation or starting point of a theory.

Descriptive Theory or Factor-Isolating Theory

identify and describe the major concepts of phenomena but do not explain the relationship of the concepts for its main objective is to present a phenomenon based on the five senses.

Explanatory Theory or Factor-Relating Theory

types of theories that present relationships among concepts and propositions.

Explanatory Theory or Factor-Relating Theory

provide information on how or why concepts are related.

Predictive Theories or Situation-Relating Theory

achieved when relationships of concepts under a certain condition are able to describe future outcomes consistently.

Predictive Theories or Situation Relating Theory

Tested with experimental research; calculates relationships and how they occur.

Prescriptive Theories or Situation-Producing Theories

deals with nursing action and tests the validity of a nursing intervention.

Prescriptive Theories or Situation-Producing Theories

commonly used in newly generated nursing interventions

Prescriptive Theories or Situation-Producing Theories

Identify under which conditions relationships occur

Conceptual Models

sets of concepts that address phenomena central to nursing in the proposition that explain relationships among them

Conceptual Models

Representation of an idea or body of knowledge based on the understanding of a person with regards to the topic , phenomena, theory

Conceptual Models

Structure/concepts PULLED together as a map for the study

Theoretical Models

Structure of concepts which exist/tested in literature, a ready-made map for the study

Science

Derived from the Latin word ‘scientia’ that means knowledge.

Science

Any systematic body of knowledge or practice in a discipline of study

Science

System of acquiring knowledge is based on the scientific method

Scientific Method

The process of establishing factual data that is proven through experimentation and testing (Wright, 2023).

Observation

Integration of knowledge and/or phenomenon by a rational being.

Gathering Data

Recognition and collection of data for a particular scientific problem.

Forming Hypothesis

An attempt to explain or suggest the nature of a phenomenon.

Experimental Investigation

A set of examinations done to solve the particular query raised through the hypothesis statement

Conclusion or Theoretical Explanation

A statement explaining a set of natural phenomena or a scientific query derived from the experimental investigation.

Nursing Science

A melting pot or body of knowledge that contains sources or background of caring and healing collected from various individuals that has been collected and preserved since the dawn of time.

Nursing Science

States that no two theories are the same.

Knowledge

Information, skills, and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences or through formal/informal learning.

Knowledge

Facts and information or awareness/familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation.

Cognitive Process

The mental operations the brain goes through to process information (Santander University, 2023)

Perception, Association, Learning, Reasoning, Communication

Types of Cognitive Processes

Perception

Achieving understanding of sensory data.

Association

Combining two or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept or for comparison

Learning

Acquiring experience, skills, information, and values.

Reasoning

Mental process of seeking conclusions through reason

Communication

Transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication.

Traditional, Authoritative, Scientific

Sources of Knowledge

Traditional Knowledge

Passed down from generation to generation; The basis of nursing practice “Has always been this way.”

Authoritative Knowledge

An idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of their expertise.

Scientific Knowledge

Knowledge that came from a scientific method through research.

Scientific Knowledge

These are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.

Phenomenon

Set of empirical data or experiences that can be observed.

Phenomenon

Concerned with how an individual reacts using the human senses.

Phenomenon

Describes the idea or responses about the event or situation.

Phenomenon

Frequently described as an experience or related experiences that influences health status and is relevant to nursing practice (University of Maryland, 2019)

Clinical or Environmental Setting of Nursing, Disease Process, Client’s Behavior, Intervention, Practices

In Nursing, phenomena can be:

Concepts

Building blocks of theories that can be empirical or abstract data.