AP_World_History_Unit_Five_Vocabulary

Scientific Revolution

A period of profound change in science from the 16th to 18th centuries, emphasizing empirical evidence and observation.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish mathematician and astronomer who formulated the heliocentric model of the solar system.

Galileo

An Italian scientist known for his contributions to astronomy, physics, and the advancement of the scientific method.

Johannes Kepler

A German mathematician and astronomer known for his laws of planetary motion.

Isaac Newton

An English mathematician and physicist known for his laws of motion and universal gravitation.

René Descartes

A French philosopher known for the phrase 'Cogito, ergo sum' and for emphasizing rationalism.

Margaret Cavendish

An English writer and philosopher who engaged in scientific and philosophical discourse during the early Enlightenment.

Adam Smith

A Scottish economist known as the father of modern economics and associated with laissez-faire capitalism.

Immanuel Kant

A German philosopher known for his work on metaphysics and epistemology, particularly 'Critique of Pure Reason'.

European Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in 18th century Europe emphasizing reason, science, and individualism.

John Locke

An English philosopher who wrote about natural rights and government, influencing liberal democracy.

Voltaire

A French writer and philosopher known for advocating freedom of speech and religious tolerance.

Deism

A belief in a Creator who does not intervene in human affairs, significant in Enlightenment thought.

Pantheists

Individuals who believe that God and the universe are the same.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher known for his social contract theory and ideas about the general will.

Marquis de Condorcet

A French philosopher advocating for human progress and the rights of women and slaves.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer known for advocating for women's rights and education in 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Montesquieu

A French lawyer known for his theory of the separation of powers in government.

Romantic Movement

An artistic movement in late 18th and early 19th centuries emphasizing emotion and individualism.

Charles Darwin

An English naturalist known for his theory of evolution by natural selection.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher known for his theories on capitalism and class struggle, leading to Marxism.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist known as the founder of psychoanalysis.

American Revolution

A colonial rebellion against British rule culminating in the founding of the United States.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A fundamental document during the French Revolution proclaiming the rights of citizens.

French Revolution

A period of radical change in France from 1789 to 1799, leading to the rise of Napoleon.

Maximilien Robespierre

A key figure in the French Revolution known for leading the radical Jacobins.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military general who became Emperor of the French and reshaped Europe.

Haitian Revolution

A successful slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to Haitian independence.

Latin American Revolutions

Wars and uprisings leading to the independence of many Latin American countries from colonial rule.

Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

A key phase of the Mexican War of Independence led by Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos.

Tupac Amaru II

Leader of an indigenous rebellion against Spanish rule in Peru.

Great Jamaica Revolt

A major slave rebellion in Jamaican history that contributed to the abolition of slavery.

Abolitionist Movements

Movements aimed at ending slavery and the transatlantic slave trade.

Nationalism

A political movement emphasizing the interests and identity of specific nations.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A key figure in the American women's suffrage movement advocating for women's rights.

Maternal Feminism

A form of feminism emphasizing women's roles as mothers and caregivers.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrialization and technological advancement in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Steam Engine

An invention that revolutionized transportation and manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution.

British Textile Industry

A key sector in the early Industrial Revolution characterized by factory growth and mechanization.

Railroads

Transportation systems that facilitated economic growth and urbanization during the Industrial Revolution.

Rapid Urbanization

The process of population shift to urban areas resulting from the Industrial Revolution.

Middle-Class Society

The emergence of a middle class with increased wealth and social mobility during the Industrial Revolution.

Domesticity

The emphasis on home and family life, often linked to Victorian gender roles.

Lower-Middle Class

Individuals and families with modest incomes and some social and economic stability.

Laboring Class

Workers engaged in manual labor or industrial jobs, often facing poor conditions.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective ownership and wealth redistribution.

Labour Party

A UK political party representing the working class with socialist policies.

Mass Production

Manufacturing processes producing large quantities of goods through standardized methods.

Progressives

Reformers advocating for social and political changes in response to late 19th and early 20th-century challenges.

Russian Revolution of 1905

A series of protests in Russia demanding political reform, foreshadowing the 1917 revolution.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that led the October Revolution of 1917.

Lenin

The leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Soviet Union, significantly impacting the 20th century.

Latin American Export Boom

The growth in exports of raw materials from Latin America to industrialized nations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Pancho Villa

A prominent Mexican revolutionary and military leader during the Mexican Revolution.

Emiliano Zapata

A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, advocating for agrarian reform.

Mexican Revolution

A major social and political movement in Mexico in the early 20th century focused on reforms.

Dependent Development

Economic growth model where a less developed country's economy depends on and is influenced by developed countries.

Qianlong

The sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty in China, known for prosperity and artistic patronage.

Taiping Uprising

A rebellion in China that sought to establish a utopian society, significant for its scale.

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Uprising who believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain in the 19th century sparked by the opium trade.

Treaty of Nanjing

The treaty marking the end of the First Opium War, granting concessions to Britain.

Unequal Treaties

Agreements imposed on China by foreign powers favoring their interests.

Informal Empire

Influence and control exerted by a powerful nation over another without direct territorial acquisition.

Self-Strengthening

A Chinese reform movement aimed at modernizing military and industry in the late 19th century.

Boxer Uprising

An anti-foreign movement in China that led to conflict with foreign powers.

Chinese Revolution of 1911–1912

A revolution resulting in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China.

Sultan Selim III

An Ottoman ruler attempting modernization in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Ulama

Islamic religious scholars influencing law and theology in Muslim societies.

Tanzimat

A series of mid-19th century reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization.

Young Ottomans

A group advocating for constitutional government and reform in the Ottoman Empire.

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

An Ottoman ruler known for implementing autocratic measures during his reign.

Young Turks

A political movement that played a significant role in transforming the Ottoman Empire into a republic.

Tokugawa Japan

A period characterized by isolationist policies and centralization of power under the Tokugawa shogunate.

Shogunate

A hereditary military dictatorship in Japan, pivotal in its political and social structure.

Meiji Restoration

The period of political, economic, and social reforms in Japan to modernize the nation.

Civilization and Enlightenment

Efforts by non-Western societies in the 19th century to adopt Western institutions.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict where Japan defeated Russia, marking a significant shift in global power dynamics.