TEAS English

Homophone

Sound the same, different meaning

Ex: Male, mail

Homograph

Spelled the same, different meanings + sound different

Ex: bow, bow (buh-o, buh-ow)

Ex: lead, lead (luh-eed, luh-ed)

Homonym

Spelled the same, sound the same, different in context

Ex: Ring (on hand), ring (phone)

Bat (sport), bat (animal)

What are apostrophes used for

Showing possession

Ex: That is dad's car.

Showing contraction

Ex: I didn't say to do that. (didn't = did not)

Declarative sentences

Ends with a period

Gives information or makes a statement

Interrogative sentences

Ends with a question mark

Other than things of three or more, when do you use commas?

In Between two independent clauses when they are combined with the following conjunctions:

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

(FANBOYS)

Semicolon

Two closely related independent clauses

Ex: Jill is a nurse; she works night shifts.

Colon

Introduce a list of items

(Connects an independent clause with a list that follows)

Ex: They serve many types of foods: Chinese, Indian, and American.

Hyphen

Joining two or more words that serve as a single adjective (before a noun) AND when using compound numbers

Ex: I have ninety-nine problems.

Ex: She is a kind-hearted person.

Indirect v direct quotes

Indirect: no use of quotation marks, referencing something

Ex: Stephanie said she was learning a new topic.

Direct: use quotation marks (with period in between) to display a direct statements

Ex: Stephanie said, "I am learning a new topic."

Adverb

Describes a verb, an adjective, or an adverb

Tells us how often, how, where, when

Ex: Last night, I played poker. (last night)

Ex: She always walks slowly. (always)

Preposition

Describes the time, place, or direction. USED BEFORE A NOUN OR PRONOUN

Ex: The cat jumped over the box. (over)

Ex: Get into the car quickly, but do not forget your jacket. (into)

Conjunction

Connects words, phrases, or clauses

Ex: I like to go outside and play the violin. (and)

Subject and predicate

Subject: what the sentence is about.... find WHO/WHAT is doing the verb.

Predicate: Tells something about the subject.

Ex: The pig snorted because it was sunny.

(The pig= subject) (because it was sunny= predicate)

Complements

Subject complement: a noun, adjective, that "renames/describes" the subject

-- Renames Subject

Ex: Melissa is a teacher. (teacher= sc)

Ex: She is respected by her students (respected= sc)

Object complement: a noun, adjective, or phrase which adds information about the direct object

-- Enhances understanding or DO

Ex: They find him intelligent (intelligent= oc)

Ex: They elected him president (president= oc).

Dependent clause

group of words that has a subject and verb, but is NOT a completed thought.

Starts with a subordinating conjunction: when, although, because, as, if, since, which, whether

Simple sentences

One subject, one verb

Completed thought

Ex: Grace opened the door.

Compound sentences

Two or more independent clauses JOINED by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

Ex: Grace opened the door, and she looked outside.

Complex sentences

One independent clause and one dependent clause

Ex: When he won the award, everyone cheered.

(when he won the award= dc, everyone cheered = ic)

Direct object

Directly receives the action.. what? who? whom?

(noun, noun phrase, pronoun)

What was verbed?

Ex: Bobby threw stones into the pond (STONES)

what was thrown? Stones!

Indirect object

Recipient of the direct object (action that is done)... at whom? to whom? for whom? from whom?

Ex: She passed the ball to Kate. (the ball= DO, to Kate= IO)

What is a complete sentence?

Contains both a subject and a prediate.

"She walked the dog"

Imperative sentence

Issues a command, request, or instruction... the subject is ASSUMED

THESE ARE STILL COMPLETE SENTENCES

"Please do not sit there!" "Stop it!" "Put your shoes on."

past perfect tense

had + verb(past tense)

(think past + past)

"She had walked there before"

past progressive tense

Was, were + verb(ing)

"we were walking home when I got the call"

When do you use "was"

I, she, he, it

When do you use "were

they, we, you

present perfect tense

has, have, + verb (past tense)

(think present + past)

She has walked there before.

present progressive tense

am/is/are + verb(ing)

"We are studying for the exam."

Future simple as the same as ________

present progressive... just different context!

Future perfect tense

will have + verb (past)

"She will have gone to the store by then."

Future progressive tense

will be + verb(ing)

"I will be going to the store soon"

diction

the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.

-formality

-strength

-tone

Run-on sentence

two independent clauses run together without proper punctuation or appropriate conjunctions .

Narrative writing

A style that allows the writer to tell a story

characters, setting, conflict, climax, resolution

Formal writing

no exclamation marks, no contraction, passive voice,

topic sentences

first sentence of the first paragraph

main idea

last sentence of the first paragraph

supporting details

found in the same paragraph as the topic sentence

summary

first sentence of last paragraph

Chronological writing is commonly used in

expository writing (aiming to inform the reader)

first, next, lastly

Order of importance writing is commonly used for

persuading, convincing, ranking

most importantly, finally, just as importantly

Spatial order writing is commonly used in

descriptive writing (telling a story)--- helping visualize!

just around the corner, below, directly across,

unnecessary information

any details or content that does not contribute to the main point/purpose of the writing

omitted words

intentional or unintentional details that are left out, leading to a potential lack in clarity or incomplete understanding of the topic

Inflectional suffix

grammatical function but does not change the essential meaning

"cat" to "cats"

Derivational suffix

a suffix is added to word to create a new word with a different meaning

Fear + less = fearless (not the same as fear)

Recursive writing process

the steps in the writing process occur in no particular order

Introductory phrase

a phrase placed at the beginning of a sentence and are set off by a comma

-doesn't contain a subject and verb

"Before the phone even rang, Lusia had a feeling she was about to receive bad news"

Endo-

inside

Epi-

outside

Intra-

within

Para-

alongside

-able/-ible

ability to do

-ious

having or being like something

-ize

to make or become

trans-

across

per-

through

con-

with

auto-

self

post-

after/later

man-

Human

-ist

one who

-logy

study of

Adverbs answer questions like:

how, when, where, to what extent — they describe actions or qualities OF VERBS, ADJECTIVES, OR OTHER ADVERBS.

Three different types of conjunctions?

Coordinating: FANBOYS

Subordinating: because, although, when, if, since, until, while

Correlative: either...or, both...and, neither...or

If it's followed by a subject + verb....

it's likely a conjunction

"Because it was raining"

if its followed by a noun/pronoun....

its likely a preposition

"Because of the rain"

Preposition v conjunction: Which can stand alone as part of a sentence if removed?

CONJUNCTION

Common types of prepositions:

Location: In, on, at

Direction: to, into, toward

Time: before, after, during

Cause/means: Because of, due to

What is a prepositon

Usually followed by a noun/pronoun, and shows the relationship between a veb and the noun

"The dog liked to walk IN the mornings"

What sorts of questions do adverbs answer?

Where?

When?

Why?

How

Of the VERB/ADVERB/ADJECTIVE

Modal verb

Type of helping verb (auxiliary)

Possibility: might

Ability: can

Permission: may

Certainty: must

Advice: should

Necessity: must

could, shall, will,

Modal verbs always...

are before the base verb

are never alone

If it displays location/direction

likely an adverb

Lay v lie

lay: means "to put" or "to place"

lie: means "to recline" or "to be positioned"

When do you use "whom" v. "who"?

Who is used as the subject, when "who" is performing the action

Whom is used as the object, when "whom" is RECEIVING the action

Indirect object

Who/what got [direct object]ed?

Direct object

What was verbed?

DIRECT W VERB

Colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

"You're nuts!"

Affect v. effect

affect- to influence (ACTION)

effect- result (END RESULT)

"The effects of not wearing sunscreen were evident with Sally's sunburn"

"It is possible to affect the population positively by reducing carbon emissions"

Plural index

Indices

Plural thesis

Theses

Plural phenomenum

Phenomena

Plural curriculum

curricula

What is the purpose of a prefix?

To CHANGE the meaning of a word.

What is the purpose of suffixes?

Changes meaning but namely for grammatical function or plurality.

-ia

state, condition

-ism

doctrine, act, manner

-sion

state of being

-ance

state of being

-ness

characteristic

Elements of the writing process

Prewriting, conferencing, writing/drafting, revision, editing

brain storming, free writing, planning, drafting, revising/editing

Subject-verb agreement

subject stays the same; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject

Plural subjects

are, were

singular subjects

is, was

Singular subject words

each, every, neither, either, anyone, everyone, somebody,

plural subject words

all, some, most, any, several, few

I before E....

except after C!

ex: receive

ex: piece