AP HUG Ch 8 Vocab Quiz

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Political Geography

Political geography is a subfield of geography that investigates how geography affects political structures and power dynamics.

State

A state is a place with political dominance, as it is ruled by a government controlling international and national affairs.

Territory

A territory is a part of land owned by a state.

Territoriality

Territoriality is the sense of ownership and loyalty to a country's or local community's territory, as seen by its commitment to keeping it secure and well-defended.

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is gaining independence from the control of the internal affairs of other countries.

Territorial Integrity

Territorial integrity is the ability of a state to protect its borders from invasion by other states.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Peace of Westphalia

The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Nation

A nation is a group of people bonded by common traits, including language, ethnicity, and history.

Nation-State

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Multinational State

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Multi-State Nation

A multistate nation is a country that crosses state and federal boundaries.

Stateless Nation

A nationality that is not represented by a state.

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Economic Exploitation

The act of using another person's labor without offering them an adequate compensation

Scale

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

World-Systems Theory

Importance of world as a unit, dividing world into CORE (Western Europe/US), PERIPHERY (Latin America, Africa), and SEMI-PERIPHERY (India, Brazil)

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Commodification

Giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having a money-related value.

Core

A core includes higher education, higher pay, and more technologically advanced processes that produce more money than peripheral operations in the global economy.

Periphery

A periphery is a process that uses less technology, pays lower wages, has lower levels of knowledge than core global economic processes, and produces less wealth.

Semi-Periphery

Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

Centripetal

Centripetal includes factors that tend to unite a nation, including popular adherence to a national culture, common ideological goals, and a shared religion.

Centrifugal

Centrifugal includes factors that might cause a nation to become divided, such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological divisions.

Unitary

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

Federal

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Devolution

Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.

Territorial Representation

System wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

Reapportionment

The process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

Splitting

In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts

Majority-Minority District

A congressional district created to include a majority of minority voters; ruled constitutional so long as race is not the main factor in redistricting.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Boundary

Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

Geometric Boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.

Physical-Political Boundary

Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range.

Heartland Theory

Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.

Critical Geopolitics

Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians

Unilateralism

World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

Supranational Organization

A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization

Deterritorialization

The movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of states.

Reterritorialization

With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

The Law of the Sea

Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.

Territorial Sea

Up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty; commercial vessels may pass, but non-commercial vessels may be challenged.

Contiguous Zone

Between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore, a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

As established in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles seaward from the coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it

Median Line Principle

Lines made to distribute water ways when states are within 200 miles of each other

Internal Waters

All water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline, like bays, rivers, or lakes

Archipelagic Waters

Archipelagic waters denote any seas that are surrounded by archipelagic baselines but are not internal waterways.

Continental Shelves

Areas where continental surfaces extend under the shallow ocean water around the continents