etruscan final

etruscan importance

urban and literate civilization

big active period/peak

5th and 6th centurys BC

different names for the etruscan

tyrrhenoi - greek

etrusci - latin

etruscans - rasenna or rasna

the etruscans are most likely from

eastern origin

herodotus on etrusan origin

they are lydians that moved for food (like half the population)

dionysius of halicanassus on etruscan origin

Autochthonous theory like from there

Eastern origin thinkers

Herodotus

Hellancius of lesbos

Anticlides of Athens

Herodotus

Lydians migrated under leader of Tyrrhenus

Hellanicus of Lesbos

Pelasgians who arrived by sailing up Adriatic Sea

Anticles of Athens

Pelasgians who founded lesmos and imbros and later to Italy, joining Lydians led by tyrrneus

There is no Etruscan

Literature

Pyrigi tablets

Theory of the secula

Idk

Etruscan prophecy

Civilization lasts for 10 secula

Iron Age of Etruria

Very beginning - Villanovan culture

Protovillanovan Culture

Etruscan? Way back when

Male tomb villanovan

Rectangular razors, serpentine and dragon fibulae, pins occasionally weapons or helmets

Female tomb Villanova

Hairpins, arch shaped fibulae, spindle whorls, loom weights, sometime belt

Late villanovan period

Increase in commercial activity and initial development in social stratification p

VII century Etruria

Orientalizing period (720 -580 BC)

Orietalizing period

720-580, increased trade network, rise of powerful aristocracy, princely burials, Etruscan urban centers

First funerary Mounds are shown in

Orientalizing period

Several palaces are from

Orientalizing period

Tarquinia

Large underground Etruscan burial chambers, carved out of natural rock, were the norm at which location?

Tarquinia

major Etruscan city-state

Age of Expansion Etruria VI

580-470 BCE

Peperino

hard limestone

Villanovan Burials

Urn underneath some soil

Other villanovan urn stuff

Helmets huts geometric decor

Metalworking villanovan

Fibulae (woman leach type sanguisuga)

Bucchero

Black vase thing super dark

Bucchero sottile

Original little bucchero thin and fine

Bucchero transitional

Has like a stamp thing on it usually little shapes

Bucchero pesante/ Eavy Bucchero

Thick thick stuff

Sub geometric ceramic

First half of 7th c BCE

Sub geometric things

Painter of Narce, tomb of ducks, tomb of roaring lion

Tomb of the ducks, Veii c.680 - 660 BCE

Campana tomb Veii 600 BCE

Bucchero sottile kanthos - 650-600 BCE - I think there is something special about the shape

Bucchero kyathos (drinking cup) - Chiusi - 600-570 - notice the stamp around the cup

Bucchero pesante - 550-500 BCE - Foculum (serving tray thing)

White on red/ red on white

Orientalising period

Caertan production

Orientalizing period - not sure what makes it unique come back to

Architectural terracotta

Actually insane but need to give more a. Explanation

Tomb of the shields - Tarquinia - 350-300 BCE

Tomb of the shields - Tarquinia- 350 300 BC Larth Velcha with wife Velia

Larth Velcha mother and father - tomb of the shields - Tarquinia- 350 - 300 BC

Tomb of reliefs - Cerveteri - banditaccia necropolis - end of 4th C BCE

Francois tomb - vulci - c. 325 BC

stele of lemnos

• funerary inscription from the ancient Etruscan site of Lemnos, Greece, dated to the 6th century BCE. It provides valuable insights into Etruscan language and customs.

Bucchero vessel in the shape of a cockerel (Abecedarium). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1924

Bronze thymiaterion (incense burner) with Marsyas late 4th century BCE MET, New York - SUNTHIA INSCRIPTION

Gold ring late 4th or early 3rd century BCE MET, New York - SUNTHIA INSCRIPTION

Probably record of a land sale conducted through a public claim made by the buyer ( a certain Petru Scevas) in the presence of the seller (a member of the family Cusu) and the praeto - Tabula Capuana Altes Museum, Berlin Mid 5th century BC

THE VI CENTURY: THE AGE OF EXPANSION

Emporia: professional merchant and development of a more advanced commercial exchange system • Contacts with Corinth and Eastern Greece • Etruscan Thalassocracy • Etruscan Rome • Etruscan Colonization of the Po Valley

The 6th Century BC: an Era of Kings and Tyrants in Etruria and Rome

•Three Etruscan Kings of Rome (Tarquinius Priscus; Servius Tullius;Tarquinius the Superb) •Thefarie Velianas (Cerveteri) •Porsenna (Chiusi-Rome)

ETRUSCAN COLONIZATION OF THE PO VALLEY BETWEEN THE 6TH AND 5TH CENTURIES BC

expansion of already existing settlements (e.g., Felsina, Adria) • foundation of new ones at the center of land and coastal trade routes (e.g., Marzabotto, Spina).

THE NECROPOLIS AS A REFLECTION OF THE CITY: second half of the 6th cent. BC

The layout of necropolises in the second half of the 6th century BC—such as the Banditaccia necropolis in Cerveteri and the Crocifisso del Tufo necropolis in Orvieto—features individual tombs, each inscribed on the architrave with the owner's name. This structured arrangement evokes the presence of a broader, more egalitarian aristocratic urban class.

V CENTURY BC: THE AGE OF THE CRISIS

Syracuse expands its influence over the Mediterranean: The Mediterranean Sea before the battle of Himera ( 480 BC) and the batte of Cuma (474 BC) • 480 BC: Battle of Himera • 474 BC: Battle of Cuma

CONTACTS WITH THE GREEKS

•Adoption of the alphabet •Greek-made objects found in Etruscan burials, transported by Greek traders •Introduction of new ceramic production technologies

ITALO-GEOMETRIC WARE

NEW TECHNOLOGIES NEW GREEK SHAPES NEW DECORATION (new techique (painted vases) and new designs)

THE ORIENTALISING PERIOD c.720-580 BC

Consolidation of an Aristocratic Class Controlling Resources The Etruscans became highly skilled traders across the Mediterranean. Flourishing Economy (metals, agriculture—e.g., wine production). The arrival of artists, finished products, and new cultural stimuli. Development of Urbanization.

Imported Luxury Items

TUMULO DELLA PIETRERA-VETULONIA- 650-625 BC.

DAIDALIC INFLUENCES

Etruria showed social development and sophistication in

Late Bronze

Age (c.1300 to 900 BC).

BC). In the transition from the very end of the Bronze

Age into the Iron Age

(950–750 BC) the settlement patterns are radically

transformed and it is clear that Etruria has undergone a revolution.

the impact of the Romans was

beginning to be felt;

by 400 BC

most famous etruscan inscription

The most famous however is the funerary monument found at Pisaurum. In

beautifully inscribed Latin and Etruscan letters, the inscription reads:

[L ·CA]FATIUS· L ·F ·STE· HARUSPE[X]

FULGURIATOR

(Translation: Lucius Cafatius, son of Lucius, of the voting

tribe Stellatina, haruspex, interpreter of lightning strikes)

[c]afates· lr· lr ·netσ’vis· trutnvt ·frontac

(Translation: Laris Cafates, (son of) Laris, haruspex, interpreter of lightning strikes)

there is no such thing as the

villanovans

veii as a good example of

villanovan revolution

we only ever see

a fraction of society and mostly elite

Most burials in the 12th to

the 9th century BC were

cremations

earliest tombs were in veii

Grotta Gramiccia, Casale del Fosso,

and Quattro Fontanili

in veii tombs what began to become more popular than cremation

inhumation

This hut urn, from Cerveteri in the 6th century, shows both the

enduring nature of this form of cinerary container, but also the

evolution of domestic architecture; this is similar to the more regular

stone built architecture of the 6th century

most substantial remnants of huts are in

tarquinia

The Villanovan revolution

revolution was a transformation of the use of resource;

From 650 or so

until about 550 BC, the majority of the pottery

came from corinth

Over time, we can see Etruscan cities creating temples

that look somewhat

like Greek temples (they have columns and the cult statue is inside and

under a roof, although they are in other ways distinctive), statues which

imitate Greek examples, naming and picturing deities who are either

completely taken over from the Greek world (Aplu/Apollo) or have begun

to look Greek (Uni is a bit like Hera but she is also like other deities). So it

was not difficult for scholars to assume that the Greek influence was

inescapable in all areas.

7. 36.3 cm high, this crater from a tomb in Cerveteri shows on one side a naval battle

perhaps between Greeks and Etruscan pirates, and on the other the Homeric scene of the

blinding of Polyphemus. Dated to around 650 BC, it is inscribed in Greek with the words

‘Aristonothos made me’. So this would appear to be produced by a Greek immigrant to

Cerveteri, who had maintained some of his local knowledge, but had also adapted to more

local traditions

The major Etruscan cities which emerged from the Villanovan revolution

Cerveteri, Tarquinia, Vulci, Roselle, Vetulonia, and

Populonia were all just inland, and Veii and Volterra were connected to the

sea by the Tiber and the Cecina rivers respectively. Both Cerveteri and

Tarquinia had port sites within their territory—Pyrgi and Gravisca.

8. A two-chamber tomb from around 510 BC, Tarquinia. The first chamber has paintings

of the return from the hunt, a grove, and banquet scenes. The second chamber has a

banquet scene in the pediment, and below it a seascape showing birds, fishes, and a diver.

Variously interpreted, the tomb seems to show an idealized version of life either in this

world, or in the next

striking balances in villanovan communities with

Corinthian pottery is less direct in its

evocation of the Greek myths than later Attic ware,

but the phenomenon we

are tracing is the adoption of an orientalizing lifestyle, one might say, or of

a lifestyle which is characterized by the internalization of ideas,

representations, thoughts that belong to a distant world.

The 7th and 6th centuries see both

huge tombs, and a degree of infill.

The earliest tomb painting shares much with

orientalizing art.

EARLIEST TOMB PAINTING WE ARE AWARE OF

tomb of the roaring lions

9. A large single chambered tomb; three sarcophagi to left and right and a main

sarcophagus in the centre, several decorated with painted processions. Dated to the late

4th and early 3rd centuries BC, the paintings are reminiscent of southern Italian tomb

paintings. The family, the Pinie, are also attested at Vulci. The shield emblems are similar

to emblems found on coinage of the time

most early tombs features

prowling, often fantastic

animals, vegetation, and only occasionally human figures appear.

Stylistic features also

reflected Ionian art;

the banquet, komos or revel, and grove are all features

of the world of Dionysus. Satyrs and wineskins, sport and music all

emphasize the world of play and contest which is also reflected—in Greece

—in theatre and ritual. It has been suggested that this is the direct result of

Ionian artists in Etruria, a phenomenon also seen in pottery production and

in paintings on terracotta plaques in Cerveteri.

The Tomb of

the Bulls at Tarquinia depicts

Achilles waiting to ambush Troilos, whilst

elsewhere a bull seems about to charge two men who are intimately

engaged, and a cow looks out at us whilst a man and woman have sex

behind her.

The Sarcophago degli Sposi from Cerveteri

major achievement in terracotta sculpture,

and perhaps one of the most recognizable Etruscan images (there is another,

perhaps by the same artist, in the Louvre), it was made in two halves

because of its size. The sarcophagus represents a couple who recline

together, each holding various objects now lost.