Ap Biology Unit 3 Packet

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Last updated 6:24 AM on 9/23/26
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10 Terms

1
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enzyme

  • biological molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions in living organisms

  • isn’t consumed in the process

  • lowers activation energy needed for a reaction → makes processes faster and more efficient inside cells


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formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O —(light)—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

<p>6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O —(light)—&gt; C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub></p>
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formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —(energy released)—> 6CO2 + 6H2O

<p>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>+ 6O<sub>2</sub> —(energy released)—&gt; 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O </p>
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light independent reaction

  • aka “calvin cycle”

  • part of photosynthesis, where plants use carbon dioxide and energy from ATP and NADPH (made during light-dependent reactions) to build sugars (glucose), without needing light.

  • occurs in stroma of chloroplast


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light dependent reaction

  • part of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight to make energy-rich molecules such as NADPH and ATP

  • occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

  • produces oxygen from water


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glycolysis

  • first step of cellular respiration

  • one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate —> produces a small amount of energy (ATP) for the cell

  • occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

  • does not need oxygen


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krebs cycle

  • second step of cellular respiration when there is oxygen present

  • aka “citric acid cycle”

  • series of chemical reactions in cells that break down molecules from food to produce energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and electron carriers

  • occurs in the mitochondria


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electron transport chain

  • photosynthesis: generates ATP and NADPH in light dependent reactions

  • cellular respiration: final step of cellular respiration; energy from electrons is used to make a lot of ATP (energy) for the cell, only occurring when oxygen is present

  • occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

  • produces water by combining electrons, hydrogen, and oxygen


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fermentation

  • method where cells make energy (ATP) without using oxygen by breaking down sugars

  • occurs in the cytoplasm and produces less energy than normal cellular respiration

  • can produce lactic acid or alcohol


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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

  • main energy carrier in cells that stores and supplies energy for cell activities

  • a “battery” that powers cell work