Religious wars

Philip II

ruled Spain and organized the Spanish Armada against England, seeking revenge for piracy and support of the Dutch Revolt.

Spanish Armada

A fleet of warships organized by Philip II in 1588 to conquer England and restore Catholicism.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England known for her intelligence and strong personality; supported piracy against Spain and encouraged the Dutch Revolt.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that kings receive their authority from God and are subject to no earthly authority.

Cavaliers

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War.

Petition of Right

A document passed by Parliament stating that no taxes could be levied without its consent.

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII who ran the country and implemented policies to expand French territory.

Edict of Nantes

A French law granting religious freedom to Huguenots, revoked by Louis XIV.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Controller-general of finances in France, known for implementing mercantilist policies.

Fronde

The series of civil wars in France during the rule of Louis XIV.

Versailles

The massive palace built by Louis XIV, serving as a royal residence and symbol of power. Also to keep nobles a watch

Austria Empire

Present-day Austria, czech, and hungary (contrtolled by Hapsburg fmaily)

• many cultural and ethnic groups

• held by obligation

Seven Years War

A global conflict between major European powers; involved competition over colonies and territorial disputes.

St. Petersburg

New capital of Russia built by Peter the Great, symbolizing western influence.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who expanded the territory and implemented some reforms but supported wealthy landowners.

• establishing order, justice

• supported education

• russian constituon

Miracle of the House of Brandenburg

Czar Peter admires Prussia and negotiattes peace

Frederick WIlliam

Great elector/ ran a government for Junkers

• Wanted to build a strong army and unify Germany

Louis XIII

Allowed Cardinal Richelieu to rule

Intendant

bureaucracy

Policy of Aggarndizement

Request to expand French territory

Louis XIV

hated by parliament and took control in his 20’s