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Kymlicka (2012): Historical Waves of Multiculturalism

1) Decolonization & Civil Rights (1950s-60s): justice movements. 2) Multicultural Rights (1960s-80s): legal recognition. 3) Post-1980s Backlash: civic integration and assimilation.

Multiculturalism: Evidence of Success

Improved minority outcomes, reduced discrimination, and enhanced democratic inclusion.

Multiculturalism: Challenges and Tensions

Persistent inequalities, backlash over national identity, tension between group recognition and individual equality.

Policy Indices in Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism Policy Index: rates multicultural laws (e.g., Canada). Civic Integration Index: measures integration strength.

Kymlicka (2015): Three Lives of Multiculturalism

1) Rights-Based Ethnicity (1970s-90s),

2) Cultural Citizenship (1990s-2000s),

3) Civic Turn (post-9/11 focus on shared values).

Diversity Shift: Ethnicity -> Religion

New claims by religious minorities (e.g., Muslims, Sikhs). Need for renewed multicultural approach.

Persistent Multicultural Tensions

Particularism vs. Universalism, Integration vs. Fragmentation, External vs. Internal Group Rights.

Canadian Multiculturalism: Lessons

Successful inclusion, but must now address intersectionality, inequality, and civic values.

Future of Multiculturalism

Proactive adaptation: combining rights with cohesion, pluralism, and structural equity.

Boski: Nigerian Cultural Context

Nigeria's geography and poverty foster survival-based mindsets, weak institutions, and informal coping strategies.

Boski's Cultural Dark Triad

1) Low Performance Orientation, 2) Low Future Orientation, 3) Low Uncertainty Avoidance - products of unstable environment.

Low Performance Orientation in Nigeria

Effort doesn't lead to success due to systemic failures; leads to low motivation and minimal effort.

Low Future Orientation in Nigeria

Volatility makes long-term planning feel futile; people focus on short-term survival.

Low Uncertainty Avoidance in Nigeria

People tolerate disorder and unpredictability; adaptive strategy in lawless environments.

Boski's Traditionalist Triad

1) Religiosity, 2) High Power Distance, 3) Strong Family Collectivism - sources of social order and resilience.

Religiosity in Nigeria

Central to identity and hope; religion offers meaning and order in absence of reliable systems.

High Power Distance in Nigeria

Respect for hierarchy is ingrained; authority is rarely questioned, reinforcing inequality.

Family Collectivism in Nigeria

Family is primary safety net; trust and support flow through kinship rather than institutions.

GLOBE Project on Nigeria

Low in performance, planning, and rule-following; high in power distance, collectivism, assertiveness.

Schwartz Value Theory on Nigeria

High in embeddedness and hierarchy; low in autonomy and egalitarianism.

Inglehart's Values Survey: Nigeria

Strongly survival- and tradition-oriented due to poverty and religion.

Emancipative Values Index: Nigeria

Low on gender equality, tolerance, autonomy-survival needs outweigh expressive values.

Psychological Effects on Locals and Outsiders

Locals adapt through humor, religion, and flexibility. Outsiders experience stress and helplessness