Quiz 1 (Plant Cell and Tissue Types) - Biology of Plants Lab

Meristems

Regions of unspecialized, actively dividing cells in plants that function like stem cells to drive continuous growth and tissue formation

Apical meristems (location, type of growth, and increases…)

Located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth, and increases the length/height of the plant

Lateral meristems (location, type of growth, and increases…)

Cylindrical tissues found within stems and roots, responsible for secondary growth, and increases the width/girth pf the plant

Primary growth

Lengthens plant

Secondary growth

Thickens plant

Roots functions

Anchorage and absorption of water and dissolved nutrients

Leaves functions

Absorption of light energy and CO2

Plant reproductive structures examples

Flowers and cones

Plant reproductive structures functions

Fertilization and reproduction

Stem functions

Support leaves and reproductive structures and the link between these modules and the root system

Why are the upper/lower surfaces of plants highly branched?

To maximize surface area for absorption of gas, light, nutrients, and water

Photosynthesis

The process used by autotrophs to turn mainly sunlight, but also water, and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar for food

Mitosis phases

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and daughter cells

Chromosomes exist in an unduplicated form (i.e., unreplicated DNA associated with protein) during what phase(s) of the cell cycle?

Early interphase and telophase

Which subcellular component is likely to be absent in a plant root?

Chloroplasts

Why are chloroplasts likely to be absent in plant roots?

Roots grow underground, where sunlight cannot reach

Amyloplast

Synthesizes and stores starch

In woody dicots, the periderm eventually replaces the _____________________

Epidermis

Interphase

Phase one, the longest phase, the cell is copying DNA and organelles in preparation for mitosis

Prophase

Phase two, chromatin coils into visible chromosomes and centrosomes begin to form spindles

Metaphase

Phase three, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase four, spindles pull the chromosomes apart by their centromeres to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

Phase five, nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes while the spindles break down

Telophase in animal cells vs plant cells

A cleavage furrow forms in animal cells and a cell plate forms in plant cells

Cytokinesis =

Daughter cells

In which phase of mitosis in plant cells does the nucleolus or nucleoli in the nucleus seem to reappear?

Telophase

Tissues

Specialized groups of cells that function together

Permanent tissues

Specialized and have a final purpose

Meristematic tissues

Similar to stem cells, they’re undifferentiated and eventually produce specialized cells

Types of permanent tissues (3)

Ground, dermal, and vascular

Simple tissues have…

One cell type

Complex tissues have…

Multiple cell types

Are ground tissues simple or complex?

Simple

Are dermal tissues simple or complex?

Complex

Are vascular tissues simple or complex?

Complex

Types of ground tissues (3)

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Types of dermal tissues (2)

Epidermal and cork

Types of vascular tissues (2)

Xylem and phloem

Where is meristematic tissue found?

Meristems

Ground tissue function(s)

Stores molecules, photosynthesizes, and supports plant

What type of cells are these? (cells closely packed together)

Parenchyma

What type of cells are these around the outside? (unevenly thickened space between cells)

Collenchyma

What type of cells are these? (clusters of cells/fibers)

Sclerenchyma

Is parenchyma living or dead?

Living

Is collenchyma living or dead?

Living

Is sclerenchyma living or dead?

Dead

Two types of sclerenchyma

Fibers and sclereids

Sclereids =

Stone cells

Main function(s) of parenchyma

Photosynthesis and storage

Main function(s) of collenchyma

Mechanical support of young stems and leaves

Main function(s) of sclerenchyma

Structural support

Dermal tissue function(s)

Provides protection

Epidermal tissue function(s)

Protection and allows for transpiration

What are the two types of epidermal tissues?

Upper and lower

What type of tissues are these? What are the cyan parts?

Epidermal and upper/lower epidermal tissue

Cork tissue function(s)

Woody plant covering

Is cork living or dead?

Dead

Tracheophytes =

Vascular plants

Bryophytes =

Non-vascular plants

Vascular plants/tracheophytes

Have complex tissues and transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout plant body

Non-vascular plants/bryophytes

Lack complex tissues but have simpler, specialized tissues

Vascular tissues function(s)

Plumbing/circulatory system of the plant

Where are xylem and phloem always?

Lying adjacent to each other

Vascular bundles

Adjacent xylem and phloem tissues

Xylem tissue function(s) and characteristics

Transports water and minerals from the roots to different parts of the plant, unidirectional, thicker cell walls, and mostly made of dead cells

Phloem tissue function(s) and characteristics

Transports sugar, nutrients, and food from their site of photosynthesis to the rest of the plant, thinner cell walls, and mostly made of living cells

Where is apical meristem tissue found?

Tips of roots and stem

Where is lateral meristem tissue found?

Along the inner sides of the stem and roots in mature, woody plants, where they run parallel to the axis

Sclereids/stone cells (gritty bits in pears)

Hard, clustered, dead plant cells with thick, tough walls